In-Plane Behavior of Clay Masonry Walls: Experimental Testing and Finite-Element Modeling
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 136, Issue 11
Abstract
Extensive experimental research aimed at defining the in-plane cyclic behavior of three types of load-bearing masonry walls, assembled with perforated clay units, and various types of head and bed joints was carried out. Experimental behavior was modeled with four types of nonlinear finite-element models. Both macromodeling and micromodeling strategies, implementing either isotropic or orthotropic material laws, were adopted. Two simplified criteria were proposed for calibrating the models, one for defining orthotropic properties starting from perforated unit geometry and the other for defining expanded unit and interface element properties in micromodels. The procedures adopted for model calibration established the reliability of various modeling strategies. Results allow some conclusions to be drawn about the reliability of diagonal compression tests for large unit masonry, the stress distribution and different behaviors of masonry made with different head and bed joints, and the influence of unit strength on the in-plane behavior of masonry.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Associazione Nazionale degli Industriali del Laterizio (Italian Association of Clay Brick and Tile Producers). Experimental tests were carried out at the Laboratory of Structural Materials Testing, University of Padova, Italy. Numerical analyses were carried out with code DIANA, release 9.
References
ASTM. (2002). “Standard test method for bond strength of mortar to masonry units.” C952, West Conshohocken, Pa.
ASTM. (2007). “Standard test method for diagonal tension (shear) in masonry assemblages.” E519, West Conshohocken, Pa.
Bosiljkov, V. (2001). “Failure modes for in-plane mono and biaxially loaded brickwork masonry.” Proc., 9th Canadian Masonry Symp. (CD-ROM), Univ. of New Brunswick, Fredericton.
Calderini, C., and Lagomarsino, S. (2008). “Continuum model for in-plane anisotropic inelastic behavior of masonry.” J. Struct. Eng., 134(2), 209–220.
CEB. (1991a). “CEB-FIP model code 1990.” Bulletin D’Information No. 203, Comite Euro-International du Beton, Lausanne, Switzerland.
CEB. (1991b). “CEB-FIP model code 1990.” Bulletin D’Information No. 204, Comite Euro-International du Beton, Lausanne, Switzerland.
CEB. (1991c). “CEB-FIP model code 1990.” Bulletin D’Information No. 205, Comite Euro-International du Beton, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Chaimoon, K., and Attard, M. M. (2007). “Modeling of unreinforced masonry walls under shear and compression.” Eng. Struct., 29, 2056–2068.
da Porto, F. (2005). “In-plane cyclic behaviour of thin layer joint masonry.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Trento, Trento, Italy.
da Porto, F., Garbin, E., Modena, C., and Valluzzi, M. R. (2005). “Failure modes for in-plane loaded masonry walls made with thin layer mortar.” Proc., 10th Canadian Masonry Symp., The Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, 694–704.
da Porto, F., Grendene, M., and Modena, C. (2009). “Estimation of load reduction factors for clay masonry walls.” Earthquake engineering and structural dynamics, Vol. 38, Wiley, New York, 1155–1174.
de Borst, R. (2002). “Fracture in quasi-brittle materials: A review of continuum damage-based approaches.” Eng. Fract. Mech., 69, 95–112.
European Committee for Standardization. (1998). “Methods of tests for masonry—Determination of compressive strength.” EN1052-1, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee for Standardization. (2004a). “Eurocode 2—Design of concrete structures. Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings.” EN1992-1-1, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee for Standardization. (2004b). “Eurocode 8—Design of structures for earthquake resistance. Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings.” EN1998-1, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee for Standardization. (2005). “Eurocode 6—Design of masonry structures. Part 1-1: General rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry structures.” EN1996-1-1, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee for Standardization. (2007). “Methods of tests for masonry—Determination of initial shear strength.” EN1052-3, Brussels, Belgium.
Gambarotta, L., and Lagomarsino, S. (1997a). “Damage models for the seismic response of brick masonry shear walls. I: The mortar joint model and its applications.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 26(4), 423–439.
Gambarotta, L., and Lagomarsino, S. (1997b). “Damage models for the seismic response of brick masonry shear walls. II: The continuum model and its applications.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 26(4), 441–462.
Ganz, H. R., and Thürlimann, B. (1982). “Tests on the biaxial strength of masonry.” Rep. No. 7502-3, Institute of Structural Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (in German).
Ganz, H. R., and Thürlimann, B. (1984). “Test on masonry walls under normal and shear loading.” Rep. No. 7502-4, Institute of Structural Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (in German).
Giambanco, G., Rizzo, S., and Spallino, R. (2001). “Numerical analysis of masonry structures via interface models.” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 190, 6493–6511.
Guidi, G. (2006). “Sistemi di muratura portante in laterizio: Calibrazione di modelli numerici sulla base di risultati sperimentali.” Graduation thesis, Univ. of Padova, Padova, Italy (in Italian).
Lotfi, H. R., and Shing, P. B. (1994). “Interface model applied to fracture of masonry structures.” J. Struct. Eng., 120(1), 63–80.
Lourenço, P. B. (1996). “Computational strategies for masonry structures.” Ph.D. thesis, Delft Univ. of Technology, Delf, The Netherlands.
Lourenço, P. B., De Borst, R., and Rots, J. G. (1997). “A plane stress softening plasticity model for orthotropic materials.” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., 40, 4033–4057.
Lourenço, P. B., and Rots, J. G. (1997). “A multi-surface interface model for the analysis of masonry structures.” J. Eng. Mech., 123(7), 660–668.
Ma, G., Hao, H., and Lu, Y. (2001). “Homogenization of masonry using numerical simulations.” J. Eng. Mech., 127(5), 421–431.
Ministry of Infrastructures. (2008). “Technical standards for constructions.” DM 14/01/08, Rome, Italy (in Italian).
Modena, C. (2008). “Developing innovative systems for reinforced masonry walls.” Univ. of Padova, ⟨http://diswall.dic.unipd.it/⟩ (February 1, 2008).
Ordinance of the Prime Minister. (2005). “General criteria for seismic classification of national territory and technical guidelines for structures in seismic zones.” OPCM3431, Rome, Italy (in Italian).
Page, A. W. (1978). “Finite element model for masonry.” J. Struct. Eng., 104(8), 1267–1285.
Page, A. W. (1981). “The biaxial compressive strength of brick masonry.” Proc. Inst. of Civ. Eng. (UK), 71, 893–906.
Page, A. W. (1983). “The strength of brick masonry under biaxial compression-tension.” Int. J. Masonry Constr., 3(1), 26–31.
Pegon, P., and Anthoine, A. (1997). “Numerical strategies for solving continuum damage problems with softening: Application to the homogenization of masonry.” Comput. Struct., 64(1–4), 623–642.
RILEM. (1991). “Tests for masonry materials and structures—Cyclic shear test for masonry panels designed to resist seismic forces.” In RILEM technical recommendations for the testing and use of construction materials, E&FN Spon, London.
Rots, J. G. (1997). Structural masonry: An experimental/numerical basis for practical design rules, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Tomaževič, M., Lutman, M., and Bosiljkov, V. (2006). “Robustness of masonry units and seismic behaviour of masonry walls.” Constr. Build. Mater., 20, 1028–1039.
Turnsek, V., and Čačovic, F. (1971). “Some experimental results on the strength of brick masonry walls.” Proc., 2nd Int. Brick Masonry Conf., British Ceramic Research Association, Stoke on Trent, 149–156.
van Zijl, G. P. A. G. (2004). “Modeling masonry shear-compression: Role of dilatancy highlighted.” J. Eng. Mech., 130(11), 1289–1296.
Vermeltfoort, A. T. (2005). “Brick-mortar interaction in masonry under compression.” Ph.D. thesis, Eindhoven Univ. of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 136 • Issue 11 • November 2010
Pages: 1379 - 1392
Copyright
© 2010 ASCE.
History
Received: Sep 19, 2008
Accepted: Apr 5, 2010
Published online: Apr 12, 2010
Published in print: Nov 2010
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.