Effect of Web Post Width on Strength Capacity of Steel Beams with Web Openings: Experimental and Analytical Investigation
Publication: Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 27, Issue 2
Abstract
Day by day, technology has been changing progressively because of the remarkable hastening of research and development activities. Perforated beams are one such example of advancement in construction technology. Steel beams with web openings are those that have regularly spaced web openings along the length of the beam. The web openings are created in various ways such as wire cutting and welding. Castellated and cellular beams differ in the creation of web openings. Studies addressing the effect of web post width of steel beams with web openings on the strength capacity of beams are rare. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to examine the influence of web post width on the strength capacity of beams with web openings. First, experimental tests were carried out on three full-scale specimens of a steel beam with oval-shaped web openings, cellular beam, and solid web beam. The same beam was modeled using finite-element software ANSYS and the behavior was compared in terms of load–displacement curve and failure modes. Later, a detailed parametric study was carried out to study the behavior of beams with web openings having variation in web post width using nonlinear finite-element analysis. The simply supported steel beams with web openings subjected to midspan concentrated load with varying web post width and shape of openings were modeled and analyzed. From the analysis results, it was found that the shape of web openings and the web post width play an important role in the strength capacity of the perforated beams. The maximum strength reduction capacity was found to be 51.78% for hexagonal openings of depth 150 mm and having a web post width of 50 mm. The minimum strength reduction capacity was found to be 8.93% for hexagonal openings of depth 100 mm having a web post width of 500 mm. Web post width plays a significant role in the ultimate strength capacity of beams. Web post buckling is a predominant failure mode in steel beams with web openings and it can be prevented by maintaining sufficient web post width.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data and photographs of the failure modes, i.e., full-scale specimens and analysis models, used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.
References
Aglan, A. A., and R. G. Redwood. 1974. “Web buckling in castellated beams.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. 57 (2): 307–320. https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1974.4059.
AISC. 2016. Specifications for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 360-16. Chicago: AISC.
Bhat, R. A., and L. M. Gupta. 2020. “Moment-gradient factor for perforated cellular steel beams under lateral torsional buckling.” Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 45 (10): 8727–8743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04836-5.
Bhat, R. A., and L. M. Gupta. 2021. “Behaviour of hybrid steel beams with closely spaced web openings.” Asian J. Civ. Eng. 22 (1): 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-020-00300-9.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2007. General construction in steel. IS 800. New Delhi, India: BIS.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2004. Design of steel structures. Part 1.1: General rules and rules for buildings. Eurocode 3. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Ellobody, E. 2012. “Nonlinear analysis of cellular steel beams under combined buckling modes.” Thin Walled Struct. 52 (Mar): 66–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2011.12.009.
Erdal, F., and M. P. Saka. 2013. “Ultimate load carrying capacity of optimally designed steel cellular beams.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 80 (Jan): 355–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.10.007.
Ferreira, F. P. V., and C. H. Martins. 2020. “LRFD for lateral torsional buckling resistance of cellular beams.” Int. J. Civ. Eng. 18 (3): 303–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-019-00474-7.
Kaveh, A., and F. Shokohi. 2014. “Cost optimization of castellated beams using charged system search algorithm.” Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng. 38 (Mar): 235–249.
Kaveh, A., and F. Shokohi. 2015. “Optimum design of castellated beams using colliding bodies optimization algorithm.” Steel Compos. Struct. 18 (2): 305–324. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2015.18.2.305.
Kaveh, A., and F. Shokohi. 2016a. “Application of grey wolf optimizer in design of castellated beams.” Asian J. Civ. Eng. 17 (5): 683–700.
Kaveh, A., and F. Shokohi. 2016b. “Optimum design of laterally supported castellated beams using tug of war optimization algorithm.” Struct. Eng. Mech. 58 (3): 533–553. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2016.58.3.533.
Kerdal, D., and D. A. Nethercot. 1984. “Failure modes of castellated beams.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 4 (4): 295–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-974X(84)90004-X.
Knowles, P. R. 1991. “Castellated beam.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. 90 (3): 521–536. https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1991.14728.
Mahmoud, H., and Y. Sharifi. 2021. “Finite element modelling of castellated steel beams under lateral-distortional buckling mode.” Structures 29 (Feb): 1507–1521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.12.038.
Mahmoud, H., S. Yasser, and H. Sharif. 2020. “Neural network application for distortional buckling capacity assessment of castellated steel beams.” Structures 27 (Oct): 1174–1183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.07.027.
Moghbeli, A., and Y. Sharifi. 2021. “New predictive equations for lateral-distortional buckling capacity assessment of cellular steel beams.” Structures 29 (Feb): 911–923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.12.004.
Mohebkhah, A. 2004. “The moment-gradient factor in lateral–torsional buckling on inelastic castellated beams.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 60 (10): 1481–1494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2004.02.002.
Morkhade, S. G., and L. M. Gupta. 2013. “Effect of load height on buckling resistance of steel beams.” Procedia Eng. 51 (Jan): 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.01.022.
Morkhade, S. G., and L. M. Gupta. 2014. “Parametric study of steel beam with web opening.” In Proc., Struct Eng. Convention, an Int. Conf. Vasant Kunj, Delhi: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Morkhade, S. G., and L. M. Gupta. 2015a. “Analysis of steel I-beams with rectangular web openings: Experimental and finite element investigation.” Eng. Struct. Technol. 7 (1): 13–23. https://doi.org/10.3846/2029882X.2015.1085332.
Morkhade, S. G., and L. M. Gupta. 2015b. “An experimental and parametric study of steel beams with web openings.” Int. J. Adv. Struct. Eng. 7 (3): 249–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40091-015-0095-4.
Morkhade, S. G., and L. M. Gupta. 2017. “Experimental investigation for failure analysis of steel beams with web openings.” Steel Compos. Struct. 23 (6): 647–656. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2017.23.6.647.
Morkhade, S. G., and L. M. Gupta. 2019a. “Behaviour of castellated steel beams: State of the art review.” Electron. J. Struct. Eng. 19 (1): 39–48.
Morkhade, S. G., and L. M. Gupta. 2019b. “Ultimate load behaviour of steel beams with web openings.” Aust. J. Struct. Eng. 20 (2): 124–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2019.1607448.
Morkhade, S. G., M. Kshirsagar, R. Dange, and A. Patil. 2019a. “Analytical study of effect of web opening on flexural behaviour of hybrid beams.” Asian J. Civ. Eng. 20 (4): 537–547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-019-00122-4.
Morkhade, S. G., R. S. Lokhande, U. D. Gund, A. B. Divate, S. S. Deosarkar, and M. U. Chavan. 2020. “Structural behaviour of castellated steel beams with reinforced web openings.” Asian J. Civ. Eng. 21 (6): 1067–1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-020-00262-y.
Morkhade, S. G., T. Shirke, A. Mansuke, M. U. Chavan, and L. M. Gupta. 2021. “Experimental and analytical investigation of castellated steel beams with varying openings eccentricity.” J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A 102 (2): 479–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-021-00516-1.
Morkhade, S. G., M. B. Swami, and C. B. Nayak. 2019b. “Comparative study of effect of web openings on the strength capacities of steel beam with trapezoidally corrugated web.” Asian J. Civ. Eng. 20 (8): 1089–1099. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-019-00166-6.
Nethercot, D. A., and D. Kerdal. 1982. “Lateral-torsional buckling of castellated beams.” Struct Eng. 60B (3): 53–61.
Okubo, T., and D. A. Nethercot. 1985. “Web post strength in castellated steel beams.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. 79 (3): 533–557. https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1985.837.
Redwood, R., and S. Demirdjian. 1998. “Castellated beam web buckling in shear.” J. Struct. Eng. 124 (10): 1202–1207. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1998)124:10(1202).
Rossi, A., R. S. Nicoletti, A. S. Clemente de Souza, and C. H. Martins. 2020. “Lateral distortional buckling in steel-concrete composite beams: A review.” Structures 27 (Oct): 1299–1312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.07.026.
Sherbourne, A., and J. V. Oostrom. 1972. “Plastic analysis of castellated beams—I interaction of moment, shear and axial force.” Compos. Struct. 2 (1–2): 79–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(72)90023-5.
Standards Association of Australia. 1998. Steel structures. AS 4100. Sydney, Australia: Standards Association of Australia.
Sweedan, A. M. 2011. “Elastic lateral stability of I-shaped cellular steel beams.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 67 (2): 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2010.08.009.
Zaarour, W., and R. Redwood. 1996. “Web buckling in thin webbed castellated beams.” J. Struct. Eng. 122 (8): 860–866. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1996)122:8(860).
Zirakian, T., and H. Showkati. 2006. “Distortional buckling of castellated beams.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 62 (9): 863–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2006.01.004.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 27 • Issue 2 • May 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 10, 2021
Accepted: Dec 21, 2021
Published online: Feb 21, 2022
Published in print: May 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Jul 21, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Wael A. Salah, Lateral Torsional Buckling Capacity Assessment of Cellular Steel Beams, Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 10.1061/PPSCFX.SCENG-1210, 28, 1, (2023).
- Yuechen Xiong, Hongbo Liu, Zhihua Chen, Yuanwen Ouyang, Flexural performance of H-shaped aluminium alloy members with web openings, Thin-Walled Structures, 10.1016/j.tws.2023.110627, 185, (110627), (2023).
- Manahel Shahath Khalaf, Amer M. Ibrahim, Hadee Mohammed Najm, Mohanad Muayad Sabri Sabri, Samadhan Morkhade, Ashish Agarwal, Mohammed A. Alamir, Ibrahim M. Alarifi, Experimental Analysis of Steel Circular Hollow Section under Bending Loads: Comprehensive Study of Mechanical Performance, Materials, 10.3390/ma15124350, 15, 12, (4350), (2022).
- Samadhan G. Morkhade, Laxmikant M. Gupta, Critical study of steel beams with web openings, Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1080/13287982.2022.2117319, 24, 1, (24-35), (2022).
- Samadhan G. Morkhade, Krushikesh R. Jagtap, Prasad S. Ghorpade, Dhiraj D. Ahiwale, Hadee Mohammad Najm, Buckling performance evaluation of steel cellular beams strengthened with flange cover plate, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 10.1007/s42107-022-00483-3, 23, 8, (1277-1290), (2022).