Technical Papers
Feb 8, 2022

Design of Axially Loaded Piles in Consolidating Soils

Publication: Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 27, Issue 2

Abstract

The present design method in various codes for axially loaded piles embedded in consolidating soil is not satisfactory. It is too conservative in calculating the maximum pile force. Furthermore, the additional pile settlement due to the consolidation is neglected in ascertaining whether the requirements of allowable settlement have been met. This is because the behavior of such piles is not well understood. A new step-by-step design method based on the combination of results of extensive parametric studies of an elastoplastic load transfer model incorporating pile–soil slip reported previously is presented. In contrast to the iterative procedure required by some existing methods to determine the neutral plane location, these design charts can be used to determine the pile top settlement, neutral plane location, and maximum pile load directly. Further saving in the design of pile foundation is obtained with the concept of a compensating-pile foundation.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

All data, models, and code generated and used during the study appear in the published article.

References

Acar, Y. B., R. R. Avent, and M. R. Taha. 1994. “Downdrag on friction piles: A case history.” In Vertical & horizontal deformations of foundations and embankments, 986–999. Reston, VA: ASCE.
BSI (British Standards Institute). 1986. Code of practice for foundations. BS 8004. London: BSI.
BSI (British Standards Institute). 2004. Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design—Part 1: General rules. BS EN 1997-1. London: BSI.
Cao, W., Y. Chen, and W. Wolfe. 2014. “New load transfer hyperbolic model for pile-soil interface and negative skin friction on single piles embedded in soft soils.” Int. J. Geomech. 14 (1): 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000289.
Comodromos, E. M., and S. V. Bareka. 2005. “‘Evaluation of negative skin friction effects in pile foundations using 3D nonlinear analysis.” Comput. Geotech. 32 (3): 210–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2005.01.006.
Davisson, M. T. 1993. “Negative skin friction in piles and design decisions.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, 1793–1801. Rolla, MO: Univ. of Missouri.
Endo, M., A. Minou, K. Kawasaki, and T. Shibata. 1969. “Negative skin friction on bearing piles.” In Proc., 7th Int. Conf. of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 93–98. Mexico City: Sociedad Mexicana de Mecanica.
Esu, F., and M. Ottaviani. 1975. “Discussion to a paper by C. S. Desai.” J. Geotech. Eng. 101 (7): 693–695.
Fellenius, B. H. 2004. “Unified design of piled foundations with emphasis on settlement analysis.” In Proc., Honoring George G. Goble—Current Practice and Future Trends in Deep Foundations, Geo-Institute Geo-TRANS Conf., 253–275. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Fellenius, B. H. 2006. “Results from long-term measurement in piles of drag load and downdrag.” Can. Geotech. J. 43 (4): 409–430. https://doi.org/10.1139/t06-009.
Hanna, A., and A. Sharif. 2006. “Drag force on single piles in clay subjected to surcharge loading.” Int. J. Geomech. 6 (2): 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2006)6:2(89).
Inoue, Y., K. Tamaoki, and T. Ogai. 1977. “Settlement of building due to pile downdrag.” In Proc., 9th Int. Conf. of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 561–564. Tokyo: Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.
Jeong, S., J. Lee, and C. J. Lee. 2004. “Slip effect at the pile–soil interface on dragload.” Comput. Geotech. 31 (2): 115–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2004.01.009.
Kog, Y. C. 1987. “A case study of downdrag and axial load on timber piles in layered soil.” In Proc., 5th Int. Geotechnical Seminar on Case Histories in Soft Clay, 269–276. Singapore: Nanyang Technological Institute.
Kog, Y. C. 1990. “Downdrag and axial load on piles.” Ground Eng. 23 (3): 24–30.
Kog Y. C. 2016a. “Axially loaded piles in consolidating layered soil.” Int. J. Geomech. 16 (1): 04015039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000523.
Kog, Y. C. 2016b. “Centrifuge tests of axially loaded piles in consolidating soil.” Geotech. Eng. 169 (1): 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeen.15.00067.
Kog, Y. C. 2016c. “Cost-saving compensated-foundation design of an office building.” J. Archit. Eng. 22 (3): 05016002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000210.
Kog, Y. C. 2018. “Behaviour of piles in consolidating soil.” Geomech. Geoeng. Int. J. 14 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2018.1454609.
Kog, Y. C. 2019. “Delayed installation of piles in consolidating soil.” Soils Found. 59 (5): 1349–1358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2019.06.012.
Kog, Y. C., G. P. Karunaratne, and S. L. Lee. 1986. “Effect of negative skin friction on piles in layered soil.” Geotech. Eng. 17 (2): 211–234.
Kog, Y. C., G. P. Karunaratne, and S. L. Lee. 1987. “The development of negative skin friction with time on piles socketed in layered soil.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Soil Structure Interactions, 267–274. Paris: Ecole National des Ponts et Chaussees.
Lam, S. Y., C. W. W. Ng, C. F. Leung, and S. H. Chan. 2009. “Centrifuge and numerical modeling of axial loads effect on piles in consolidating ground.” Can. Geotech. J. 46 (1): 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1139/T08-095.
Lambe, T. W., J. E. Garlanger, and S. A. Leifer. 1974. Prediction and field evaluation of downdrag forces on a single pile. Cambridge, MA: Dept. of Civil Engineering.
Lee, S. L., Y. C. Kog, and G. P. Karunaratne. 1985. “Axially loaded piles in layered soils.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 113 (4): 366–381.
Leung, C. F., B. K. Liao, Y. K. Chow, R. F. Shen, and Y. C. Kog. 2004. “Behaviour of pile subject to negative skin friction and axial load.” Soils Found. 44 (6): 17–26.
Lv, Y. R., C. W. W. Ng, S. Y. Lam, and H. L. Liu. 2017. “Geometric effects on piles in consolidating ground: Centrifuge and numerical modeling.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143 (9): 04017040. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001714.
Naval Facilities Engineering Command. 2009. Foundations and earth structures. NAVFAC DM-7.02. Washington, DC: Naval Facilities Engineering Command.
Poulos, H. G. 1997. “Piles subjected to negative friction: A procedure for design.” Geotech. Eng. 28 (1): 24–44.
Poulos, H. G. 2008. “A practical design approach for piles with negative friction.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Geotech. Eng. 161 (1): 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.2008.161.1.19.
Poulos, H. G., and E. H. Davis. 1980. Pile foundation analysis and design. New York: Wiley.
Sun, T., W. Yan, and D. Su. 2013. “Fully coupled consolidation analysis of shear strength mobilization and dragload of a pile subject to negative skin friction.” Int. J. Geomech. 15 (3): 04014057. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000381.
Tomlinson, M. J. 1977. Pile design and construction practice. London: Viewpoint.
Walker, L. K., and P. Darvall. 1970. “Some aspects of dragdown on piles.” In Proc., 2nd Southeast Asian Conf. on Soil Mechanic and Foundation Engineering, 121–137. Singapore: Asian Institute of Technology.
Yan, W. M., T. K. Sun, and L. G. Tham. 2012. “Coupled-consolidation modeling of a pile in consolidating ground.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 138 (7): 789–798. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000651.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 27Issue 2May 2022

History

Received: Aug 2, 2021
Accepted: Nov 17, 2021
Published online: Feb 8, 2022
Published in print: May 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Jul 8, 2022

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

President, East West Engineering Consultants, 98 Duchess Rd., 269022 Singapore. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8456-8554. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share