Experimental Study on Torsional Behavior of Cross-Laminated Timber Skewed Pedestrian Bridge Deck Panels Subjected to Asymmetric Loading
Publication: Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 26, Issue 4
Abstract
The performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels in building applications have been investigated extensively. However, limited information is available regarding the performance of CLT panels for bridge applications, as well as the torsional performance of CLT panels under asymmetric loading, geometry, and boundary conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the torsional performance of skewed CLT pedestrian interior bridge deck panels through large-scale structural testing. The panels were designed as a pedestrian bridge crossing over an atrium of The Canyons building in Portland, OR. The test panels were subjected to line and uniformly distributed loads to replicate the reactions from the adjacent panels and design loads directly applied to the panel, respectively. Two different loading configurations based on the 2014 Oregon Structural Specialty Code (OSSC) were applied with up to three different loading intensity levels. An additional loading configuration, which was beyond the scope of the OSSC, was also applied in the second series of tests to determine if panel failure could be induced. The test results demonstrated that the test panels were able to recover their original shape without suffering major damages on the panel. The measured residual deformation after the removal of the applied load was very small. The findings of this study broaden the current state of knowledge of the structural performance of a CLT bridge deck panel under asymmetric loading, and the test results can be used for future design problems.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
AASHTO. 2017. AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications 8th edition. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
ASCE. 2010. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE/SEI 7-10. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Brandner, R., P. Dietsch, J. Droscher, M. Schulte-Wrede, H. Kreuzinger, and M. Sieder. 2017. “Cross laminated timber (CLT) diaphragms under shear: Test configuration, properties and design.” Constr. Build. Mater. 147 (2): 312–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.153.
Brandner, R., G. Flatscher, A. Ringhofer, G. Schickhofer, and A. Thiel. 2016. “Cross laminated timber (CLT): Overview and development.” Eur. J. Wood Prod. 74 (3): 331–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0999-5.
Buka-Vaivade, K., D. Serdjuks, V. Goremikins, L. Pakrastins, and N. I. Vatin. 2018. “Suspension structure with cross laminated timber deck panels.” Mag. Civ. Eng. 83 (7): 126–135. https://doi.org/10.18720/MCE.83.12.
Cappellazzi, J., M. J. Konkler, A. Sinha, and J. J. Morrell. 2020. “Potential for decay in mass timber elements: A review of the risks and identifying possible solutions.” Wood Mater. Sci. Eng. 15 (6): 351. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2020.1720804.
D’Arenzo, G., D. Casagrande, T. Reynolds, and M. Fossetti. 2019. “In-plane elastic flexibility of cross laminated timber floor diaphragms.” Constr. Build. Mater. 209 (9): 709–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.060.
Gagnon, S., and L. J. Hu. 2007. Trip report: Sweden, Norway and France. November 1-11. Pointe-Claire, QC, Canada: FPInnovations.
Gsell, D., G. Feltrin, S. Schubert, R. Steiger, and M. Motavalli. 2007. “Cross-laminated timber plates: Evaluation and verification of homogenized elastic properties.” J. Struct. Eng. 133 (1): 132–138. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:1(132).
Higgins, C., A. R. Barbosa, and C. Blank. 2017. Structural tests of concrete composite—Cross-laminated timber floor. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State Univ.
ICC (International Code Council). 2014. 2014 Oregon structural specialty code. Washington, DC: ICC.
Iwase, T., T. Sasaki, S. Araki, T. Huzita, and C. Kayo. 2020. “Environmental and economic evaluation of small-scale bridge repair using cross-laminated timber floor slabs.” Sustainability 12 (8): 3424. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083424.
Karacabeyli, E., and B. Douglas. 2013. Cross-laminated timber handbook—US edition. Pointe-Claire, QC, Canada: FPInnovations.
Lefebvre, D., and G. Richard. 2014. “Design and construction of a 160-metre-long wood bridge in Mistissini, Quebec.” In Proc., Forum Holz-Bau Garmisch 14: Internationales Holzbau-Forum IHF 2014. Bienne, Switzerland: Forum Holzbau.
Loss, C., M. Piazza, and R. Zandonini. 2016. “Connections for steel timber hybrid prefabricated buildings. Part I: Experimental tests.” Constr. Build. Mater. 122 (30): 781–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.002.
Mai, K. Q., A. Park, K. T. Nguyen, and K. Lee. 2018. “Full-scale static and dynamic experiments of hybrid CLT-concrete composite floor.” Constr. Build. Mater. 170 (28): 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.042.
Schubert, S., D. Gsell, R. Steiger, and G. Feltrin. 2010. “Influence of asphalt pavement on damping ratio and resonance frequencies of timber bridges.” Eng. Struct. 32 (10): 3122–3129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.05.031.
Sebera, V., L. Muszynski, J. Tippner, M. Noyel, T. Pisaneschi, and B. Sundberg. 2013. “FE analysis of CLT panel subjected to torsion and verified by DIC.” Mater. Struct. 48 (2): 451–459. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0195-1.
Sigrist, C., and M. Lehmann. 2012. “Development of a cross laminated, post tensioned bridge deck.” In Proc., World Conf. on Timber Engineering 2012, 83–88. Red Hook, NY: Curran Associates.
Sinha, A., K. E. Udele, J. Cappellazzi, and J. J. Morrell. 2020. “A method to characterize biological degradation of mass timber connections.” Wood Fiber Sci. 52 (4): 419–430. https://doi.org/10.22382/wfs-2020-040.
Stürzenbecher, R., K. Hofstetter, and J. Eberhardsteiner. 2010. “Structural design of cross laminated timber (CLT) by advanced plate theories.” Compos. Sci. Technol. 70 (9): 1368–1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.04.016.
Wacker, J., J. Dahlberg, and B. Phares. 2020. Laboratory investigation of cross-laminated timber (CLT) decks for bridge applications. Madison, WI: Forest Products Laboratory.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 26 • Issue 4 • November 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 7, 2021
Accepted: Jul 23, 2021
Published online: Sep 11, 2021
Published in print: Nov 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Feb 11, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.