Behavior of Pocket-Type High-Strength RC Beams without or with Dapped Ends
Publication: Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 26, Issue 4
Abstract
In precast grid systems, it is necessary to support the cross beams by the main girders using suitable methods. One of these proposals is by making voids or notches within the webs of the girder to include the supports of the cross beams. In this paper, an experimental study has been done on 10 reinforced concrete self-consolidating beams with loaded openings. The tested specimens have been categorized into two groups based on one inclusion of dapped ends. Each group consists of five specimens; one served as a control in which the opening is reinforced conventionally with two vertical stirrups at both sides. For the other specimens, the openings are reinforced with different schemes, namely using steel-fiber concrete, diagonal bars, jacketing by steel plates, and a composite section for the bottom chord. The behavior has been discussed in terms of history of crack propagation, loading history, ductility, and toughness. It was concluded that inclusion of the dapped ends reduced the capacity in range of 9%–12%. Moreover, results revealed that the composite section proposal yielded the highest enhancements of 21% and 23% for the two groups, respectively. Regarding ductility, maximum enhancements of 44% and 9% were noticed. For the toughness, the proposal of a composite section yielded the highest improvements by 91% and 19%, respectively.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data generated or analyzed during the study are included in the published paper.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. Building code requirements for structural concrete. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Ahmed, A., M. M. Fayyadh, S. Naganathan, and K. Nasharuddin. 2012. “Reinforced concrete beams with web openings: A state of the art review.” Mater. Des. 40 (2): 90–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.03.001.
Amiri, J. V., and M. Hosseinalibygie. 2004. “Effect of small circular opening on the shear and flexural behavior and ultimate strength of reinforced concrete beams using normal and high strength concrete.” In Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 1–6. Vancouver, BC, Canada: WCEE Secretariat.
ASTM. 2004. Standard specifications for deformed and plane carbon-steel bars for concrete reinforcement. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2006. Standard specification for steel fibers for fiber reinforced concrete 1. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013. Standard specification for chemical admixtures for concrete. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016. Standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Atta, A., and M. Taman. 2016. “Innovative method for strengthening dapped-end beams using an external prestressing technique.” Mater. Struct. 49 (8): 3005–3019. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0701-8.
Aykac, B., I. Kalkan, S. Aykac, and Y. E. Egriboz. 2013. “Flexural behavior of RC beams with regular square or circular web openings.” Eng. Struct. 56 (Apr): 2165–2174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.08.043.
Barton, D. L., R. B. Anderson, A. Bouadi, J. O. Jirsa, and J. E. Breen. 1991. An investigation of strut-and-tie models for dapped beam details. Austin, TX: Univ. of Texas at Austin.
Brinkley, F. M. 2013. “Behavior of prestressed, precast concrete thin-stemmed members with dapped ends.” M.Sc. thesis, Civil Engineering, North Carolina State Univ.
Campione, G., and G. Minaf. 2012. “Behaviour of concrete deep beams with openings and low shear span-to-depth ratio.” Eng. Struct. 41 (Aug): 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.03.055.
Desnerck, P., J. M. Lees, and C. T. Morley. 2018. “Strut-and-tie models for deteriorated reinforced concrete half-joints.” Eng. Struct. 161 (Apr): 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.01.013.
EFNARC (European Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete). 2002. Specification and guidelines for self-compacting concrete. Hampshire, UK: EFNARC.
Huang, P. C., J. J. Myers, and A. Nanni. 2000. “Dapped-end strengthening in precast prestressed concrete double tee beams with FRP composites.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures, 545–552. Montreal, Canada: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering.
Iraqi Specifications. 1984a. Aggregates of natural resources used for concrete and construction. Baghdad, Iraq: Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control.
Iraqi Specifications. 1984b. Portland cement. Baghdad, Iraq: Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control.
Liem, S. K. 1983. “Maximum shear strength of dapped-end or corbel.” M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Dept., Concordia Univ.
Lu, W. Y., I. J. Lin, and H. W. Yu. 2012. “Behaviour of reinforced concrete dapped-end beams.” Mag. Concr. Res. 64 (9): 793–805. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.11.00116.
Lu, W.-Y., T.-C. Chen, and I.-J. Lin. 2015. “Shear strength of reinforced concrete dapped-end beams with shear span-to-depth ratios larger than unity.” J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 23 (4): 431–442.
Mansur, M. A. 2006. “Design of reinforced concrete beams with web openings.” In Proc., 6th Asia Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conf., 104–120. New York: IEEE.
Mattock, A. H., and T. C. Chan. 1979. “Design and behavior of dapped-end beams.” PCI J. 24 (6): 28–45.
Mattock, A. H., and T. S. Theryo. 1986. “Strength of precast prestressed concrete members with dapped ends.” PCI J. 31 (5): 58–75. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.09011986.58.75.
Mercan, B., A. E. Schultz, H. K. Stolarski, R. A. Magaña, and M. J. Lorig. 2012. “Elastic solutions for eccentrically loaded, slender, rectangular spandrel beams.” J. Struct. Eng. 138 (7): 911–921. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000498.
Mohammed, B. S., M. Aswin, M. S. Liew, and N. Zawawi. 2019. “Structural performance of RC and R-ECC dapped-end beams based on the role of hanger or diagonal reinforcements combined by ECC.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 13 (Apr): 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-019-0356-x.
Nanni, A., and P. C. Huang. 2002. “Validation of an alternative reinforcing detail for the dapped ends of double prestressed tees.” PCI J. 47 (1): 38–49. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.01012002.38.49.
Nie, X. F., S. S. Zhang, G. M. Chen, and T. Yub. 2020. “Strengthening of RC beams with rectangular web openings using externally bonded FRP: Numerical simulation.” Compos. Struct. 248 (Sep): 112552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112552.
Peng, T. 2009. “Influence of detailing on response of dapped end beams.” M.Sc thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill Univ.
Shakir, Q. M. 2016. “Non-linear analysis of high strength reinforced concrete beams with large openings.” Jordan J. Civ. Eng. 10 (4): 451–461.
Shakir, Q. M. 2020. “Response of innovative high strength reinforced concrete encased composite corbels.” Structures 25 (8): 798–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.03.056.
Shakir, Q. M. 2021. “Performance assessment of high strength con crete two-sided corbels with embedded stiffened web-rolled steel.” Structures 32 (Aug): 1469–1480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.03.098.
Shakir, Q. M., and B. B. Abd. 2019. “Strengthening of self-consolidating high strength RC dapped ends with CFRP fabrics.” J. Mater. Eng. Struct. 6 (3): 359–374.
Shakir, Q. M., and B. B. Abd. 2020. “Retrofitting of self compacting RC half joints with internal deficiencies By CFRP fabrics.” Jurnal Teknologi 82 (6): 49–62. https://doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v82.14416.
Shakir, Q. M., and R. Alliwe. 2020. “Upgrading of deficient disturbed regions in precast RC beams with near surface mounted (NSM) steel bars.” J. Mater. Eng. Struct. 7 (2): 164–184.
Shakir, Q. M., and R. Alliwe. 2021. “Behavior of high strength self-compacting reinforced concrete corbels strengthened with NSM steel bars.” Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol. 11 (2): 663–673. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.11.2.8059.
Shakir, Q. M., Y. M. Yahya, and A. T. Jasim. 2019. “Strengthening of reinforced self-compacting concrete T-deep beam with large opening by carbon fiber sheets.” Kufa J. Eng. 10 (2): 76–89. https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/100206.
Shoeib, A., and A. Sedawy. 2017. “Shear strength reduction due to introduced opening in loaded RC beams.” J. Build. Eng. 13 (1): 28–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.04.004.
Suresh, J., and R. A. Prabhavathy. 2014. “Behaviour of steel fibre reinforced concrete beams with duct openings strengthened by steel plates.” Int. J. Adv. Inf. Sci. Technol. 28 (8): 86–94.
Taher, S. F. 2005. “Strengthening of critically designed girders with dapped ends.” Struct. Build. 158 (2): 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2005.158.2.141.
Wang, Q., Z. Guo, and P. C. J. Hoogenboom. 2005. “Experimental investigation on the shear capacity of RC dapped end beams and design recommendations.” Struct. Eng. Mech. 21 (2): 221–235. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2005.21.2.221.
Werner, M. P., and W. H. Dilger. 1973. “Shear design of prestressed concrete stepped beams.” PCI J. 18 (4): 37–49. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.07011973.37.49.
Yang, K.-H., A. F. Ashour, and J.-K. Lee. 2011. Shear strength of reinforced concrete dapped-end beams using mechanism analysis. 1–38. Brighton, England: Univ. of Bradford Institutional Repository.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 26 • Issue 4 • November 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 23, 2020
Accepted: Jun 21, 2021
Published online: Sep 11, 2021
Published in print: Nov 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Feb 11, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Qasim M. Shakir, Sarah D. Abd Alsaheb, Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi, Rehabilitation of deteriorated reinforced self-consolidating concrete brackets and corbels using CFRP composites: diagnosis and treatment, Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, 10.1007/s41024-022-00262-2, 8, 1, (2023).