Analysis and Design of Cross-Laminated Timber Mats
Publication: Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 24, Issue 1
Abstract
Cross-laminated timber (CLT), a new generation of engineered wood product developed initially in Europe, has been gaining popularity in residential and industrial applications in several countries because of the many advantages it offers. Being an orthotropic material, CLT behavior is challenging to predict in various applications, thus requiring caution from engineers and researchers. This study presents the analysis and design procedure for CLT crane mats, mainly used to provide a stable roadbed for heavy vehicles used in the oil and gas industry. Three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear finite-element (FE) models, using ANSYS, have been created, analyzed, and compared with experimental work previously performed by the authors. The orthotropic elastic and damage models have been used to model CLT linearly and nonlinearly, respectively. After the effectiveness of the model was determined, a comparison was carried out between the behavior of traditional wood mats connected by steel rods and various configurations of CLT mats. This comparison showed that the unique orientation of layers gives CLT more strength compared to traditional wood mats, which are strong only in the direction of the grain. A CLT design procedure was developed according to previously published guidelines for crane mats supported by soft soil and the effective section properties of the CLT. Recommendations were made for the design procedure for CLT mats that also highlight the limitations of previous published guidelines.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
American Wood Council. 2012. Supplement NDS national design specification. Leesburg, VA: American Wood Council.
ANSYS. 2013. ANSYS mechanical APDL element reference. Canonsburg, PA: ANSYS.
APA–The Engineered Wood Association. 2012. Standard for performance-rated cross-laminated timber. ANSI/APA PRG 320-2012. Tacoma, WA: APA–The Engineered Wood Association.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test methods of static tests of lumber in structural sizes. ASTM D198-14. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Autodesk Helius PFA. 2016. “Alternative failure criteria.” Accessed March 12, 2018. http://help.autodesk.com/view/ACMPAN/2016/ENU/?guid=GUID-47535EF3-FD45-4900-B4FE-26A0BA34AF5B.
Balmer, G. 1952. “A general analytical solution for Mohr’s envelope.” In Vol. 52 of Proc., American Society for Testing and Materials, 1260–1271. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials.
Bartlett, S. F. 2010. Mohr-Coulomb model. Salt Lake City, UT: Civil & Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Utah.
Bergman, R., et al. 2010. Wood handbook, Wood as an engineering material. General Technical Rep. FPL-GTR-190. Madison, WI: Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, US Dept. of Agriculture.
CAE Associates. 2014. Progressive damage of fiber reinforced composites in ANSYS V.15.0. Middlebury, CT: CAE Associates. https://caeai.com/sites/default/files/CAEA_v15_ANSYS_Composite_Damage.pdf.
Drucker, D. C., and W. Prager. 1952. “Soil mechanics and plastic analysis or limit design.” Q. Appl. Math. 10 (2): 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/48291.
Duerr, D. 2015. Mobile crane support handbook. Warsaw, Poland: Levare.
FPInnovations and Binational Softwood Lumber Council. 2013. CLT handbook, US edition. Edited by Erol Karacabeyli and Brad Douglas. Pointe-Claire, QC, Canada: FPInnovations.
Gorst, N. J. S., S. J. Williamson, P. F. Pallett, and L. A. Clark. 2003. Friction in temporary works. Rep. 071. Prepared for Health and Safety Executive. Birmingham, UK: School of Engineering, Univ. of Birmingham.
Guindos, P., and M. Guaita. 2013. “A three-dimensional wood material model to simulate the behavior of wood with any type of knot at the macro-scale.” Wood Sci. Technol. 47 (3): 585–599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-012-0517-4.
Hindman, D. P., and J. N. Lee. 2007. “Modeling wood strands as multi-layer composites: Bending and tension loads.” J. Wood Fiber Sci. 39 (4): 515–526.
Kohnke, P., ed. 1999. ANSYS theory manual release 5.6. 11th ed. Canonsburg, PA: ANSYS.
Kowalska, M. 2015. “Influence of the ratio between dilatancy angle and internal friction angle on stress distribution behind a gravity retaining wall.” Archit. Civ. Eng. Environ. J. 8 (1): 77–82.
Mahamid, M., T. Brindley, N. Triandafilou, and S. Domagala. 2017. “Behavior and strength characteristics of cross-laminated timber mats: Experimental and numerical study.” In Proc., Structures Congress 2017: Business, Professional Practice, Education, Research, and Disaster Management, edited by J. G. Soules, 254–268. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Moses, D. M., and H. G. L. Prion. 2002. Anisotropic plasticity and failure prediction in wood composites. Vancouver, Canada: Univ. of British Columbia.
Okutu, K., B. Davison, and J. Carr. 2017. “19.05 CLT‐steel composite slimfloor construction: An investigation of mechanical behaviour using finite element software.” Innovative Struct. 1 (2–3): 4447–4456. https://doi.org/10.1002/cepa.504.
Rakić, D., and M. Živković. 2015. “Stress integration of the Drucker-Prager material model with kinematic hardening.” Theor. Appl. Mech. 42 (3): 201–209. https://doi.org/10.2298/TAM1503201R.
Rocscience. 1996. “Soil strength parameters.” Accessed February 12, 2018. https://rocscience.com.
SmartLam LLC. 2017. “Future forward interview: Can cross-laminated timber replace concrete and steel?” Informed Infrastructure. Accessed August 25, 2018. https://informedinfrastructure.com/33481/future-forward-interview-can-cross-laminated-timber-replace-concrete-and-steel/.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 24 • Issue 1 • February 2019
Copyright
© 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 28, 2018
Accepted: May 3, 2018
Published online: Oct 18, 2018
Published in print: Feb 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Mar 18, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.