3D Finite-Element Analysis of Steel Moment Frames Including Long-Span Entrance by Strengthening Steel Cables and Diagonal Concentrically Braced Frames under Progressive Collapse
Publication: Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 23, Issue 4
Abstract
Progressive collapse in structures is considered a rare event. Yet, if it occurs, it may lead to disastrous human and financial loss. A significant item to study in examining progressive collapse relates to structures with relatively large spans. In such buildings, as the adjacent column collapses, maximum damage is caused to the entire structure. Therefore, in this study, six buildings of 16 and 31 m in height were, initially, subjected to nonlinear dynamic analysis upon the removal of a column. Shell elements were employed for concrete floors, and beam elements were used for beam members, columns, braces, and truss elements for cables, taking into account the nonlinear and geometric behavior of materials. The results of the numerical models were compared with the two experimental models, and a proper match was achieved. After the analysis of the primary structures, the two strengthening methods of braces and cables were employed by the removal of the column. The results of the study indicate that the use of cables and braces is able to significantly reduce the displacement of the node over the column by using an alternative-path method. Also, these two reinforcement methods are another reason for other structural elements to remain elastic.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction). 2010. Manual of steel construction, load and resistance factor design. Chicago: AISC.
Andalib, Z., M. A. Kafi, A. Kheyroddin, and M. Bazzaz. 2014. “Experimental investigation of the ductility and performance of steel rings constructed from plates.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 103: 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.07.016.
ASCE. 2010. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Bazzaz, M., Z. Andalib, M. A. Kafi, and A. Kheyroddin. 2015a. “Evaluating the performance of OBS-C-O in steel frames under monotonic load.” Earthquakes Struct. 8 (3): 697–710. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.8.3.699.
Bazzaz, M., Z. Andalib, A. Kheyroddin, and M. A. Kafi. 2015b. “Numerical comparison of the seismic performance of steel rings in off-centre bracing system and diagonal bracing system.” Steel Compos. Struct. 19 (4): 917–937. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2015.19.4.917.
Bazzaz, M., A. Kheyroddin, M. Kafi, and Z. Andalib. 2011. “Evaluating the performance of steel ring in special bracing frame.” In Proc., 6th Int. Conf. of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering. Tehran, Iran: International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology.
Bazzaz, M., A. Kheyroddin, M. A. Kafi, and Z. Andalib. 2012a. “Evaluation of the seismic performance of off-centre bracing system with ductile element in steel frames.” Steel Compos. Struct. 12 (5): 445–464. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2012.12.5.445.
Bazzaz, M., A. Kheyroddin, M. A. Kafi, and Z. Andalib. 2012b. Modeling and analysis of steel ring devised in off-centric braced frame with the goal of improving ductility of bracing systems. Tehran, Iran: Iran Scientific and Industrial Researches Organization.
Bazzaz, M., A. Kheyroddin, M. A. Kafi, Z. Andalib, and H. Esmaeili. 2014. “Seismic performance of off-centre bracing system with circular element in optimum place.” Int. J. Steel Struct. 14 (2): 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-014-2009-x.
Bischoff, P. H., and S. H. Perry. 1991. “Compressive behaviour of concrete at high strain rates.” Mater. Struct. 24 (6): 425–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472016.
DoD (Department of Defense). 2009. Unified facilities criteria: Design of buildings to resist progressive collapse. UFC 4-023-03. Washington, DC: DoD.
Ebadi Jamkhaneh, M., M. Ahmadi, and A. Kheyroddin. 2015. “Assessment and strengthening of special moment frame under progressive collapse.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Congress on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Development. Tehran, Iran: Shahid Beheshti Univ.
Elsanadedy, H. M., T. H. Almusallam, Y. R. Alharbi, Y. A. Al-Salloum, and H. Abbas. 2014. “Progressive collapse potential of a typical steel building due to blast attacks.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 101: 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.05.005.
FIB (International Federation for Structural Concrete). 2008. Constitutive modelling of high strength/high performance concrete. State-of-art report. FIB Bulletin 42. Lausanne, Switzerland: FIB.
Fu, Q., B. Yang, Y. Hu, G. Xiong, S. Nie, W. Zhang, and G. Dai. 2016. “Dynamic analyses of bolted-angle steel joints against progressive collapse based on component-based model.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 117: 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.10.010.
Galal, K., and T. El-Sawy. 2010. “Effect of retrofit strategies on mitigating progressive collapse of steel frame structures.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 66 (4): 520–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2009.12.003.
Gerasimidis, S. 2014. “Analytical assessment of steel frames progressive collapse vulnerability to corner column loss.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 95: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.11.012.
Gerasimidis, S., and J. Sideri. 2016. “A new partial-distributed damage method for progressive collapse analysis of steel frames.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 119: 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.12.012.
Grote, D. L., S. W. Park, and M. Zhou. 2001. “Dynamic behavior of concrete at high strain rates and pressures: I. experimental characterization.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 25 (9): 869–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-743X(01)00020-3.
GSA (General Service Administration). 2013. Alternate path analysis and design guidelines for progressive collapse resistance. Washington, DC: GSA.
Homaioon Ebrahimi, A., P. Martinez-Vazquez, and C. C. Baniotopoulos. 2017. “Numerical studies on the effect of plan irregularities in the progressive collapse of steel structures.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 13 (12): 1576–1583. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2017.1303842.
Hsu, L. S., and C. T. T. Hsu. 1994. “Complete stress-strain behaviour of high-strength concrete under compression.” Mag. Concr. Res. 46 (169): 301–312. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1994.46.169.301.
Khandelwal, K., S. El-Tawil, and F. Sadek. 2009. “Progressive collapse analysis of seismically designed steel braced frames.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 65 (3): 699–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.02.007.
Kim, H. S., J. Kim, and D. W. An. 2009. “Development of integrated system for progressive collapse analysis of building structures considering dynamic effects.” Adv. Eng. Softw. 40 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2008.03.011.
Kim, J., and T. Kim. 2009. “Assessment of progressive collapse-resisting capacity of steel moment frames.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 65 (1): 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.03.020.
Kwasniewski, L. 2010. “Nonlinear dynamic simulations of progressive collapse for a multistory building.” Eng. Struct. 32 (5): 1223–1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.12.048.
Lee, C. H., S. Kim, K. H. Han, and K. Lee. 2009. “Simplified nonlinear progressive collapse analysis of welded steel moment frames.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 65 (5): 1130–1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.10.008.
Liu, J. L. 2010. “Preventing progressive collapse through strengthening beam-to-column connection, Part 1: Theoretical analysis.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 66 (2): 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2009.09.006.
Malvar, L. J., and J. E. Crawford. 1998. Dynamic increase factors for concrete. Hueneme, CA: Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center Port.
Naji, A., and F. Irani. 2012. “Progressive collapse analysis of steel frames: Simplified procedure and explicit expression for dynamic increase factor.” Int. J. Steel Struct. 12 (4): 537–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-012-4008-0.
Nayal, R., and H. A. Rasheed. 2006. “Tension stiffening model for concrete beams reinforced with steel and FRP bars.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 18 (6): 831–841. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18:6(831).
Pirmoz, A., and M. M. Liu. 2016. “Finite element modeling and capacity analysis of post-tensioned steel frames against progressive collapse.” Eng. Struct. 126: 446–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.08.005.
Rezvani, F. H., A. M. Yousefi, and H. R. Ronagh. 2015. “Effect of span length on progressive collapse behaviour of steel moment resisting frames.” Structures 3: 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2015.03.004.
Tan, S., and A. Astaneh-Asl. 2003. “Use of steel cables to prevent progressive collapse of existing buildings.” In Proc., Annual Meeting of the Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council. Los Angeles: Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council.
Wang, X. L., X. Z. Lu, and L. P. Ye. 2007. “Numerical simulation for the hysteresis behavior of RC columns under cyclic loads.” Eng. Mech. 24 (12): 76–81.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 12, 2018
Accepted: Apr 3, 2018
Published online: Jul 27, 2018
Published in print: Nov 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Dec 27, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.