Determination of Limit Deposition Velocity and Viscosity in Waste Brines Transported in Pipelines
Publication: Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice
Volume 12, Issue 3
Abstract
The wastewater generated in the potash mines of the Bages region in Catalonia (Spain) was experimentally tested at the Paterson & Cooke slurry test facility in Cape Town, South Africa, to determine the flow behavior and limit deposition velocity of various brine and brine-slurry mixtures containing a low solids concentration of fine insoluble particles. The tests measured the limit deposition velocity, viscosity, and flow resistance of a range of brine mixtures at different concentrations of solid particles in suspension, and they are presented and discussed in this paper. Tests were conducted on the slurries using both water tests (WT) and saturated brine tests (BT) as the medium for the solid sediment. In order to replicate the possible situations that could occur during their transport in the pipeline, the mixtures were generated with relatively low sediment concentrations, always less than 5% by volume. The test data showed that the limit deposition velocity at equivalent solid concentrations is higher for the WT mixtures than for the BT mixtures due to the differences in the kinematic viscosity of the medium. Finally, the kinematic viscosity obtained for both WT and BT mixtures trends moderately upward as their volume concentration increases, although the viscosity in BT mixtures presents some particularities that are subsequently described.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) of the Catalan Government for Grant No. 2014 DI 0070 of the Industrial Doctorate Programme. The authors would also like to thank Aigües de Barcelona for their technical and economic support during the project’s execution. The authors would also like to thank Paterson & Cooke Consulting Engineers, South Africa, for their technical and economic support during the project’s execution.
References
Chong, J. S., E. B. Christiansen, and A. D. Baer. 1971. “Rheology of concentrated suspensions.” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 15 (8): 2007–2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1971.070150818.
Condolios, E., and E. E. Chapus. 1963a. “Designing solids-handling pipelines.” Chem. Eng. 70 (14): 131–138.
Condolios, E., and E. E. Chapus. 1963b. “Operating solids pipelines.” Chem. Eng. 70 (15): 145–150.
Condolios, E., and E. E. Chapus. 1963c. “Transporting solid materials in pipelines.” Chem. Eng. 70 (13): 93–98.
Coulson, C., and J. F. Richardson. 1955. Vol. 2 of Chemical engineering. Oxford, UK: Pegamon Press.
Durand, R. 1952. “The hydraulic transport of coal and other materials in pipes.” In Proc., Colloquium on the Hydraulic Transport of Coal, 39–55. London: National Coal Board.
Durand, R. 1953. “Basic relationships of the transportation of solids in pipes—Experimental research.” In Proc., Minnesota Int. Hydraulic Convention, 89–103. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Durand, R., and E. Condolios. 1952. “Experimental investigation of the transport of solids in pipes.” In Proc., Deuxieme Journée de L’hydraulique. Paris: Societé Hydrotechnique de France.
Einstein, A. 1906. “Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen.” Ann. Phys., Lpz. 324 (2): 289–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19063240204.
Goosen, P. 2015. “Analysis of friction pressure gradients during slurry pipeline restart.” In Proc., 17th Int. Conf. on Transport and Sedimentation of Solid Particles. Wroclaw, Poland: Wroclaw Univ. of Environmental and Life Sciences.
Govier, G. W., and K. Aziz. 1972. The flow of complex mixtures in pipes. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Comp.
Hu, S. 2017. “Fluid–solid flow in ducts: Slurry flows.” In Multiphase flow handbook, edited by E. E. Michaelides, C. T. Crowe, and J. D. Schwarzkopf. 2nd ed., 407–455. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
ISO/TC28. 1998. “Viscosity of water.” Accessed June 15, 2020. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:tr:3666:ed-2:v1:en.
Kaushal, D. R., T. Yuji, and R. R. Dighade. 2002. “Concentration at the pipe bottom at deposition velocity for transportation of commercial slurries through pipeline.” Powder Technol. 125 (1): 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-5910(02)00031-1.
Konijn, B. J., O. B. J. Sanderink, and N. P. Kruyt. 2014. “Experimental study of the viscosity of suspensions: Effect of solid fraction, particle size and suspending liquid.” Powder Technol. 266 (Nov): 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2014.05.044.
Kunitz, M. 1926. “An empirical formula for the relation between viscosity of solution and volume of solute.” J. Gen. Physiol. 9 (6): 715–725. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.9.6.715.
Lencastre, A. 1998. Manual de Ingeniería Hidráulica. Navarre, Spain: Universidad Pública de Navarra.
Miedema, S. A., and R. C. Ramsdell. 2015. “The limit deposit velocity model, a new approach.” J. Hydrol. Hydromech. 63 (4): 273–286. https://doi.org/10.1515/johh-2015-0034.
Qiblawey, H. A., and B. Abu-Jdayil. 2010. “Viscosity and density of the ternary solution of magnesium chloride + sodium chloride + water from (298.15 to 318.15) K.” J. Chem. Eng. Data 55 (9): 3322–3326. https://doi.org/10.1021/je100111w.
Roco, M. C., and C. A. Shook. 1983. “Modeling of slurry flow: The effect of particle size.” Can. J. Chem. Eng. 61 (4): 494–503. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450610402.
Rutgers, I. R. 1962. “Relative viscosity and concentration.” Rheol. Acta 2 (4): 305–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01976051.
Sánchez-Juny, M., A. Triadu, A. Andreu, and E. Blade. 2019. “Hydrodynamic determination of the kinematic viscosity of waste brines.” ACS Omega 4 (25): 20987–20999. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b02164.
Swamee, P. K., and A. K. Jain. 1976. “Explicit equations for pipe-flow problems.” J. Hydraul. Div. 102 (5): 657–664. https://doi.org/10.1061/JYCEAJ.0004542.
Thomas, A. 2020. “A review of deposit velocity prediction methods for medium particle size slurries in pipes.” Electron. J. Pol. Agric. Univ. 23 (3): 1–12.
Turgut, O. E., M. Asker, and M. T. Coban. 2014. “A review of non iterative friction factor correlations for the calculation of pressure drop in pipes.” J. Sci. Technol. 4 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.17678/beujst.90203.
Turian, R. M., F. L. Hsu, and T. W. Ma. 1987. “Estimation of the critical velocity in pipeline flow of slurries.” Powder Technol. 51 (1): 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(87)80038-4.
Wakefield, A. W., and G. S. Thorvaldsen. 2002. “Comparison of two-layer model with correlative method for prediction of head losses in two large dredging pipelines carrying sand and gravel.” In Vol. 15 of Proc., Hydrotransport, 531–546. Banff, Canada: BHR Group.
Wilson, K. C. 1979. “Deposition limit nomograms for particles of various densities in pipeline flow.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., Hydrotransport, 12. Bhubaneswar, India: BHRA Fluid Engineering.
Wilson, K. C., and D. G. Judge. 1977. “Application of analytic model to stationary-deposit limit in sand-water slurries.” In Proc., 2nd Int. Symp. on Dredging Technology. College Station, TX: Texas A&M Univ.
Wilson, K. C., and J. K. P. Tse. 1984. “Deposition limit for coarse particle transport in inclined pipes.” In Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on the Hydraulic Transport of Solids in Pipes, edited by J. H. Pounsford, 149–161. Rome: BHRA Fluid Engineering.
Zandi, I., and G. Govatos. 1967. “Heterogeneous flow of solids in pipelines.” J. Hydraul. Div. 93 (3): 145–159. https://doi.org/10.1061/JYCEAJ.0001608.
Zhang, H. L., and S. J. Han. 1996. “Viscosity and density of water + sodium chloride + potassium chloride solutions at 298.15 K.” J. Chem. Eng. Data 41 (3): 516–520. https://doi.org/10.1021/je9501402.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 30, 2020
Accepted: Jan 6, 2021
Published online: May 6, 2021
Published in print: Aug 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Oct 6, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.