Review of Dynamic Response of Buried Pipelines
Publication: Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice
Volume 12, Issue 2
Abstract
Buried pipelines, such as water supply and power transmission systems, play a vital role in daily life. Seismic resistance of the pipeline systems is a very important research topic because of its tremendous impact during and after earthquake. This paper reviewed the investigations from the last several decades of the dynamic behavior of underground pipelines. Nine topics were included: theoretical evaluation of seismic response of buried pipelines, modeling for soil–structure interaction/fluid–soil–pipe interaction for buried pipelines, analysis of pipeline seismic response due to permanent ground deformation, seismic response of pipelines passing through liquefication areas, finite-element analysis of buried pipelines, experimental studies of seismic response of underground pipelines, seismic damage assessment, seismic behavior of pipeline networks, and seismic performance of joints and bend regions. It was found that more and more studies have been based on finite-element analysis considering that the computer technology has been well developed and finite-element analysis is much less expensive than experiments. Although common damages during earthquakes are caused by the wave propagation effect, the most severe damages are caused by permanent ground displacement, such as fault movement. The studies of pipelines subjected to fault movement were reviewed, but few seismic damage assessments were found that focused on the damage caused by fault movement.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
References
Abbo, A. J., and S. W. Sloan. 1995. “A smooth hyperbolic approximation to the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion.” Comput. Struct. 54 (3): 427–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(94)00339-5.
Abdoun, T. H., D. Ha, M. J. O’Rourke, M. D. Symans, T. D. O’Rourke, M. C. Palmer, and H. E. Stewart. 2009. “Factors influencing the behavior of buried pipelines subjected to earthquake faulting.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 29 (3): 415–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.04.006.
ALA (American Lifelines Alliance). 2001. Guidelines for the design of buried steel pipe. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Alamatian, E., M. Ghadamkheir, and B. Karimpour. 2013. “Stress estimation on pipeline and effect of burying depth.” Int. Res. J. Appl. Basic Sci. 6 (2): 228–235.
API (American Petroleum Institute). 2007. Specification for line pipe: ANSI/API spec 5L. 44th ed. Washington, DC: API.
ASCE. 1984. Guidelines for the seismic design of oil and gas pipeline systems. Reston, VA: ASCE.
AWWA (American Water Works Association). 2007. AWWA standard for polyethylene (PE) pressure pipe and fittings. Denver: AWWA.
Badv, K., and K. Daryani. 2010. “An investigation into the upward and lateral soil-pipeline interaction in sand using finite difference method.” Iran. J. Sci. Technol. 34 (B4): 433–445.
Banushi, G., and N. Squeglia. 2018. “Seismic analysis of a buried operating steel pipeline with emphasis on the equivalent-boundary conditions.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 9 (3): 04018005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000316.
Banushi, G., N. Squeglia, and K. Thiele. 2018. “Innovative analysis of a buried operating pipeline subjected to strike-slip fault movement.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 107 (Apr): 234–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.01.015.
Barenberg, M. E. 1988. “Correlation of pipeline damage with ground motions.” J. Geotech. Eng. 114 (6): 706–711. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1988)114:6(706).
Bozyigit, B., Y. Yesilce, and S. Catal. 2017. “Differential transform method and Adomian decomposition method for free vibration analysis of fluid conveying Timoshenko pipeline.” Struct. Eng. Mech. 62 (1): 65–77. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2017.62.1.065.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2006. Eurocode 8, part 4: Silos, tanks and pipelines. CEN EN1998-4. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Cheng, X., C. Ma, R. Huang, S. Huang, and W. Yang. 2019. “Failure mode analysis of X80 buried steel pipeline under oblique-reverse fault.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 125 (Oct): 105723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105723.
Chian, S. C., K. Tokimatsu, and S. P. G. Madabhushi. 2014. “Soil liquefaction–induced uplift of underground structures: Physical and numerical modeling.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 140 (10): 04014057. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001159.
Cimellaro, G. P., D. Solari, and M. Bruneau. 2014. “Physical infrastructure interdependency and regional resilience index after the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake in Japan.” J. Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 43 (12): 1763–1784. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2422.
Cimellaro, G. P., O. Villa, and M. Bruneau. 2015. “Resilience-based design of natural gas distribution networks.” J. Infrastruct. Syst. 21 (1): 05014005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000204.
Clough, R. W., and J. Penzien. 2003. Dynamics of structures. Berkeley, CA: Computers Structures.
Corrado, V., B. D’Acunto, N. Fontana, and M. Giugni. 2012. “Inertial effects on finite length pipe seismic response.” Math. Prob. Eng. 2012: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/824578.
CSA (Standard Association Canadian). 2007. Oil and gas pipeline system. CSA-Z662. Mississauga, ON: CSA.
Datta, S. K., T. Chakraborty, and A. H. Shah. 1984a. “Dynamic response of pipelines to moving loads.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 12 (1): 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290120105.
Datta, S. K., P. O’Leary, and A. H. Shah. 1985. “Three-dimensional dynamic response of buried pipelines to incident longitudinal and shear waves.” J. Appl. Mech. 52 (4): 919–926. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3169169.
Datta, S. K., A. H. Shah, and N. El-Akily. 1982. “Dynamic behavior of a buried pipe in a seismic environment.” J. Appl. Mech. 49 (1): 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3161957.
Datta, S. K., A. H. Shah, and K. Wong. 1984b. “Dynamic stresses and displacements in buried pipe.” J. Eng. Mech. 110 (10): 1451–1466. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1984)110:10(1451).
Datta, T., and E. Mashaly. 1986. “Pipeline response to random ground motion by discrete model.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 14 (4): 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290140406.
Datta, T., and E. Mashaly. 1988. “Seismic response of buried submarine pipelines.” J. Energy Res. Technol. 110 (4): 208–218. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3231384.
Davis, C., V. Lee, and J. Bardet. 2001. “Transverse response of underground cavities and pipes to incident SV waves.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 30 (3): 383–410. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.14.
Demirci, H. E., S. Bhattacharya, D. Karamitros, and N. Alexander. 2018. “Experimental and numerical modelling of buried pipelines crossing reverse faults.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 114 (Nov): 198–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.06.013.
Dueñas-Osorio, L., J. I. Craig, and B. J. Goodno. 2007. “Seismic response of critical interdependent networks.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 36 (2): 285–306.
Dwivedi, J. 2010. Dynamic analysis of burried pipelines under linear viscoelastic soil condition. Varanasi, India: Banaras Hindu Univ.
Fong, K. S., and A. Y. M. Yassin. 2017. “Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) of damped oil conveying pipeline system by finite element method.” In Proc., MATEC Web of Conf., 01005. Paris: EDP Sciences.
Fragiadakis, M., and S. E. Christodoulou. 2014. “Seismic reliability assessment of urban water networks.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 43 (3): 357–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2348.
Gao, F.-P. 2017. “Flow-pipe-soil coupling mechanisms and predictions for submarine pipeline instability.” J. Hydrodyn. 29 (5): 763–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6058(16)60787-4.
Gu, J., T. Ma, and M. Duan. 2016. “Effect of aspect ratio on the dynamic response of a fluid-conveying pipe using the Timoshenko beam model.” Ocean Eng. 114 (Mar): 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.01.021.
Ha, D., T. H. Abdoun, M. J. O’Rourke, M. D. Symans, T. D. O’Rourke, M. C. Palmer, and H. E. Stewart. 2008. “Buried high-density polyethylene pipelines subjected to normal and strike-slip faulting—A centrifuge investigation.” Can. Geotech. J. 45 (12): 1733–1742. https://doi.org/10.1139/T08-089.
Ha, D., T. H. Abdoun, M. J. O’Rourke, M. D. Symans, T. D. O’Rourke, M. C. Palmer, and H. E. Stewart. 2010. “Earthquake faulting effects on buried pipelines—Case history and centrifuge study.” J. Earthquake Eng. 14 (5): 646–669. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460903527955.
Hadid, M., and H. Afra. 2000. “Sensitivity analysis of site effects on response spectra of pipelines.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 20 (1–4): 249–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(00)00058-0.
Halabian, A. M., T. Hokmabadi, and S. H. Hashemolhosseini. 2008. “Numerical study on soil-HDPE pipeline interaction subjected to permanent ground deformation.” In Proc., 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Beijing: China Association of Earthquake Engineering.
Hindy, A., and M. Novak. 1979. “Earthquake response of underground pipelines.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 7 (5): 451–476. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290070506.
Hindy, A., and M. Novak. 1980. “Earthquake response of buried insulated pipes.” J. Eng. Mech. Div. 106 (6): 1135–1149.
Isenberg, J., E. Richardson, H. Kameda, and M. Sugito. 1991. “Pipeline response to Loma Prieta earthquake.” J. Struct. Eng. 117 (7): 2135–2148. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1991)117:7(2135).
Jalali, H. H., F. R. Rofooei, N. K. A. Attari, and M. Samadian. 2016. “Experimental and finite element study of the reverse faulting effects on buried continuous steel gas pipelines.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 86 (Jul): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.04.006.
Jung, J. K., T. D. O’Rourke, and C. Argyrou. 2016. “Multi-directional force–displacement response of underground pipe in sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 53 (11): 1763–1781. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0059.
Karamanos, S. A. 2016. “Mechanical behavior of steel pipe bends: An overview.” J. Pressure Vessel Technol. 138 (4): 041203. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4031940.
Karamanos, S. A., G. C. Sarvanis, B. D. Keil, and R. J. Card. 2017. “Analysis and design of buried steel water pipelines in seismic areas.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 8 (4): 04017018. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000280.
Karamitros, D. K., G. D. Bouckovalas, and G. P. Kouretzis. 2007. “Stress analysis of buried steel pipelines at strike-slip fault crossings.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 27 (3): 200–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2006.08.001.
Kennedy, R. P., A. M. Chow, and R. A. Williamson. 1977a. “Fault movement effects on buried oil pipeline.” Transp. Eng. J. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 103 (5): 617–633.
Kennedy, R. P., A. C. Darrow, and S. A. Short. 1977b. “General considerations for seismic design of oil pipeline systems.” In Proc., Conf. on the Current State of Knowledge of Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, 2–17. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Kim, J., S. S. Nadukuru, M. Pour-Ghaz, J. P. Lynch, R. L. Michalowski, A. S. Bradshaw, R. A. Green, and W. J. Weiss. 2012. “Assessment of the behavior of buried concrete pipelines subjected to ground rupture: Experimental study.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 3 (1): 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000088.
Kim, J., S. O’Connor, S. Nadukuru, J. P. Lynch, R. Michalowski, R. A. Green, M. Pour-Ghaz, W. J. Weiss, and A. Bradshaw. 2010. “Behavior of full-scale concrete segmented pipelines under permanent ground displacements.” In Proc., Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems 2010, 76500U. Bellingham, WA: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineering.
Kitaura, M., M. Miyajima, and H. Suzuki. 1987. “Response analysis of buried pipelines considering rise of ground water table in liquefaction processes.” Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu 1987 (380): 173–180. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1987.380_173.
Kouretzis, G. P., G. D. Bouckovalas, and D. K. Karamitros. 2011. “Seismic verification of long cylindrical underground structures considering Rayleigh wave effects.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 26 (6): 789–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2011.05.001.
Kuwata, Y., S. Takada, and S. Yamasaki. 2008. “Seismic performance of complicated pipeline network.” In Proc., 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 12–17. Beijing: China Association of Earthquake Engineering.
Labuz, J. F., and A. Zang. 2012. “Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 45 (6): 975–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0281-7.
Lanzano, G., E. Salzano, F. Santucci de Magistris, and G. Fabbrocino. 2013. “Seismic vulnerability of natural gas pipelines.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 117 (Sep): 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2013.03.019.
Lanzano, G., E. Salzano, F. Santucci de Magistris, and G. Fabbrocino. 2014a. “Seismic vulnerability of gas and liquid buried pipelines.” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 28 (Apr): 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2013.03.010.
Lanzano, G., F. Santucci de Magistris, G. Fabbrocino, and E. Salzano. 2012. “An observational analysis of seismic vulnerability of industrial pipelines.” Chem. Eng. Trans. 26 (Jan): 567–572.
Lanzano, G., F. Santucci de Magistris, G. Fabbrocino, and E. Salzano. 2014b. “Integrated approach to the seismic vulnerability assessment of industrial underground equipment and pipelines.” Boll. Geofis. Teorica Appl. 55 (1): 215–226. https://doi.org/10.4430/bgta0095.
Lanzano, G., F. Santucci de Magistris, G. Fabbrocino, and E. Salzano. 2015. “Seismic damage to pipelines in the framework of Na-Tech risk assessment.” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 33 (Jan): 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2014.12.006.
Li, X. J., and F. M. Shen. 2012. “Study on anti-seismic reliability of urban water supply system.” Appl. Mech. Mater. 238 (Nov): 868–871.
Ling, H. I., Y. Mohri, T. Kawabata, H. Liu, C. Burke, and L. Sun. 2003. “Centrifugal modeling of seismic behavior of large-diameter pipe in liquefiable soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 129 (12): 1092–1101. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:12(1092).
Ling, H. I., L. Sun, H. Liu, Y. Mohri, and T. Kawabata. 2008. “Finite element analysis of pipe buried in saturated soil deposit subject to earthquake loading.” J. Earthquake Tsunami 2 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793431108000244.
Liu, A.-W., Y.-X. Hu, F.-X. Zhao, X.-J. Li, S. Takada, and L. Zhao. 2004. “An equivalent-boundary method for the shell analysis of buried pipelines under fault movement.” Supplement, Acta Seismol. Sin. 17 (S1): 150–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11589-004-0078-1.
Liu, W., Q. Sun, H. Miao, and J. Li. 2015. “Nonlinear stochastic seismic analysis of buried pipeline systems.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 74 (Jul): 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.03.017.
Liu, X., H. Zhang, Y. Han, M. Xia, and W. Zheng. 2016a. “A semi-empirical model for peak strain prediction of buried X80 steel pipelines under compression and bending at strike-slip fault crossings.” J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 32 (May): 465–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.04.054.
Liu, X., H. Zhang, M. Li, W. Zheng, and K. Wu. 2016b. “On the effect of trench size on the strain behavior of buried steel pipeline at strike-slip fault crossings.” Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 21 (18): 5947–5956.
Liu, X., H. Zhang, B. Wang, M. Xia, K. Wu, Q. Zheng, and Y. Han. 2018. “Local buckling behavior and plastic deformation capacity of high-strength pipe at strike-slip fault crossing.” Metals 8 (1): 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8010022.
Liu, X., H. Zhang, K. Wu, M. Xia, Y. Chen, and M. Li. 2017. “Buckling failure mode analysis of buried X80 steel gas pipeline under reverse fault displacement.” Eng. Fail. Anal. 77 (Jul): 50–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.02.019.
Liu, X., H. Zhang, K. Wu, M. Xia, Q. Zheng, Y. Li, O. Ndubuaku, and S. Adeeb. 2020. “A refined analytical strain analysis method for offshore pipeline under strike-slip fault movement considering strain hardening effect of steel.” Ships Offshore Struct. 15 (2): 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2019.1611722.
Luo, X., J. Ma, J. Zheng, and J. Shi. 2014. “Finite element analysis of buried polyethylene pipe subjected to seismic landslide.” J. Pressure Vessel Technol. 136 (3): 031801. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4026148.
Manolis, G., K. Pitilakis, P. Tetepoulidis, and G. Mavridis. 1995. “A hierarchy of numerical models for SSI analysis of buried pipelines.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Southampton, UK: WIT Press.
Mashaly, E.-S. A., and T. K. Datta. 1989. “Seismic risk analysis of buried pipelines.” J. Transp. Eng. 115 (3): 232–252. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1989)115:3(232).
Matsuo, M., and T. Horiuchi. 1979. “Earthquake damage and methodology of design of small diameter pipelines.” Soils Found. 19 (1): 23–38. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.19.23.
Melissianos, V. E., and C. J. Gantes. 2017. “Numerical modeling aspects of buried pipeline—fault crossing.” In Vol. 44 of Proc., Computational Methods in Earthquake Engineering, 1–26. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Melissianos, V. E., G. P. Korakitis, C. J. Gantes, and G. D. Bouckovalas. 2016. “Numerical evaluation of the effectiveness of flexible joints in buried pipelines subjected to strike-slip fault rupture.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 90 (Nov): 395–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.09.012.
Mousavi, M., M. Hesari, and A. Azarbakht. 2014. “Seismic risk assessment of the 3rd Azerbaijan gas pipeline in Iran.” Nat. Hazards 74 (3): 1327–1348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1244-y.
Muleski, G. E., and T. Ariman. 1985. “A shell model for buried pipes in earthquakes.” Int. J. Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 4 (1): 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-7277(85)90035-X.
Muleski, G. E., T. Ariman, and C. Aumen. 1979. “A shell model of a buried pipe in a seismic environment.” J. Pressure Vessel Technol. 101 (1): 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3454597.
Najafzadeh, M., G.-A. Barani, and M. R. Hessami Kermani. 2014. “Estimation of pipeline scour due to waves by GMDH.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 5 (3): 06014002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000171.
Najafzadeh, M., and F. Saberi-Movahed. 2019. “GMDH-GEP to predict free span expansion rates below pipelines under waves.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. 37 (3): 375–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2018.1443355.
Nelson, I., and P. Weidlinger. 1979. “Dynamic seismic analysis of long segmented lifelines.” J. Pressure Vessel Technol. 101 (1): 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3454592.
Newmark, N. M. 1967. “Problems in wave propagation in soil and rocks.” In Proc., Int. Symp. on Wave Propagation and Dynamic Properties of Earth Materials, 7–26. Albuquerque, NM: Univ. of New Mexico.
Newmark, N. M., and W. J. Hall. 1975. “Pipeline design to resist large fault displacement.” In Proc., US National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 416–425. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Ni, P., I. D. Moore, and W. A. Take. 2018. “Numerical modeling of normal fault-pipeline interaction and comparison with centrifuge tests.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 105 (Feb): 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.10.011.
O’Rourke, M. J., and G. Ayala. 1993. “Pipeline damage due to wave propagation.” J. Geotech. Eng. 119 (9): 1490–1498.
O’Rourke, M. J., X. Liu, and R. Flores-Berrones. 1995. “Steel pipe wrinkling due to longitudinal permanent ground deformation.” J. Transp. Eng. 121 (5): 443–451. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1995)121:5(443).
O’Rourke, T. D. 1985. Factors affecting the performance of cast iron pipelines: A review of US observation and research investigations. Crowthorne, UK: Transport and Road Research Laboratory.
O’Rourke, T. D., S. S. Jeon, S. Toprak, M. Cubrinovski, M. Hughes, S. van Ballegooy, and D. Bouziou. 2014. “Earthquake response of underground pipeline networks in Christchurch, NZ.” Earthquake Spectra 30 (1): 183–204.
O’Rourke, T. D., and S.-S. Jeon. 2000. “Seismic zonation for lifelines and utilities.” In Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Seismic Zonation. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
O’Rourke, T. D., J. K. Jung, and C. Argyrou. 2016. “Underground pipeline response to earthquake-induced ground deformation.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 91 (Dec): 272–283.
O’Rourke, T. D., J. E. Turner, S.-S. Jeon, H. E. Stewart, Y. Wang, and P. Shi. 2005. “Soil-structure interaction under extreme loading conditions.” In Proc., 13th Spencer J. Buchanan Lecture. College Station, TX: Texas A&M Univ.
Pineda-Porras, O., and M. Najafi. 2010. “Seismic damage estimation for buried pipelines: Challenges after three decades of progress.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 1 (1): 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000042.
Pineda-Porras, O., and M. Ordaz. 2007. “A new seismic intensity parameter to estimate damage in buried pipelines due to seismic wave propagation.” J. Earthquake Eng. 11 (5): 773–786. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460701242781.
Pineda-Porras, O., and M. Ordaz. 2012. “Seismic damage estimation in buried pipelines due to future earthquakes–The case of the Mexico City water system.” In Earthquake-resistant structures-design, assessment and rehabilitation, edited by A. Moustafa. Shanghai, China: InTech.
Pineda-Porras, O., and M. Ordaz-Schroeder. 2003. “Seismic vulnerability function for high-diameter buried pipelines: Mexico City’s primary water system case.” In Vol. 2 of Proc., New pipeline Technologies, Security, and Safety, 1145–1154. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Psyrras, N., O. Kwon, S. Gerasimidis, and A. Sextos. 2019. “Can a buried gas pipeline experience local buckling during earthquake ground shaking?” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 116 (Jan): 511–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.10.027.
Qu, T.-J., R. Jiang, D. Wang, and J.-W. Liang. 2013. “Response of underground pipelines subjected to partially coherent seismic excitation.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 4 (4): 04013002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000144.
Reza, M. S., O. S. Bursi, F. Paolacci, and A. Kumar. 2014. “Enhanced seismic performance of non-standard bolted flange joints for petrochemical piping systems.” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 30 (Jul): 124–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2014.05.011.
Robert, D. J. 2017. “A modified Mohr-Coulomb model to simulate the behavior of pipelines in unsaturated soils.” Comput. Geotech. 91 (Nov): 146–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.07.004.
Rojhani, M., M. Moradi, A. Galandarzadeh, and S. Takada. 2012. “Centrifuge modeling of buried continuous pipelines subjected to reverse faulting.” Can. Geotech. J. 49 (6): 659–670. https://doi.org/10.1139/t2012-022.
Roudsari, M. T., S. Samet, N. Nuraie, and S. Sohaei. 2017. “Numerically based analysis of buried GRP pipelines under earthquake wave propagation and landslide effects.” Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng. 61 (2): 292–299.
Saberi, M., H. Arabzadeh, and A. Keshavarz. 2011a. “Numerical analysis of buried pipelines with right angle elbow under wave propagation.” Procedia Eng. 14: 3260–3267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.412.
Saberi, M., F. Behnamfar, and M. Vafaeian. 2013. “A semi-analytical model for estimating seismic behavior of buried steel pipes at bend point under propagating waves.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 11 (5): 1373–1402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9430-y.
Saberi, M., A. M. Halabian, and M. Vafaian. 2011b. “Numerical analysis of buried steel pipelines under earthquake excitations.” In Proc., Pan-Am CGS Geotechnical Conf., 3260–3267. Ottawa: Canadian Geotechnical Society.
Sahoo, S., B. Manna, and K. G. Sharma. 2014. “Seismic behaviour of buried pipelines: 3D finite element approach.” J. Earthquakes 2014: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/818923.
Saiyar, M., P. Ni, W. Take, and I. Moore. 2016. “Response of pipelines of differing flexural stiffness to normal faulting.” Géotechnique 66 (4): 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.14.P.175.
Sakurai, A., and T. Takahashi. 1969. “Dynamic stresses of underground pipelines during earthquakes.” In Proc., 4th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 81–95. Santiago, Chile: Chilean Association on Seismology and Earthquake Engineering.
Sarvanis, G. C., and S. A. Karamanos. 2017. “Analytical model for the strain analysis of continuous buried pipelines in geohazard areas.” Eng. Struct. 152 (Dec): 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.08.060.
SelÇuk, A. S., and M. S. Yücemen. 2000. “Reliability of lifeline networks with multiple sources under seismic hazard.” Nat. Hazards 21 (1): 1–18.
Shah, H., and S. Chu. 1974. “Seismic analysis of underground structural elements.” J. Power Div. 100 (1): 53–62.
Shi, P., T. D. O’Rourke, Y. Wang, and K. Fan. 2008. “Seismic response of buried pipelines to surface wave propagation effects.” In Proc., 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Beijing: China Association of Earthquake Engineering.
Shokouhi, S. K. S., A. Dolatshah, and E. Ghobakhloo. 2013. “Seismic strain analysis of buried pipelines in a fault zone using hybrid FEM-ANN approach.” Earthquakes Struct. 5 (4): 417–438. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2013.5.4.417.
Shori, K., and S. Takada. 1984. “Seismic damage prediction of buried pipelines in due consideration of joint mechanism.” In Proc., 8th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 263–270. Tokyo: International Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Sumer, B. M., C. Truelsen, and J. Fredsøe. 2006. “Liquefaction around pipelines under waves.” J. Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Eng. 132 (4): 266–275. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2006)132:4(266).
Tahamouli Roudsari, M., M. Hosseini, M. Ashrafy, M. Azin, M. Nasimi, M. Torkaman, and A. Khorsandi. 2019. “New method to evaluate the buried pipeline–sandy soil interaction subjected to strike slip faulting.” J. Earthquake Eng. 1–24.
Takada, S., J.-W. Liang, and T. Li. 1998. “Shell-mode response of buried pipelines to large fault movements.” J. Struct. Eng. 44 (1): 1637–1646.
Takada, S., and K. Tanabe. 1987. “Three-dimensional seismic response analysis of buried continuous or jointed pipelines.” J. Pressure Vessel Technol. 109 (1): 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3264859.
Tian, Y., and M. J. Cassidy. 2008. “Modeling of pipe–soil interaction and its application in numerical simulation.” Int. J. Geomech. 8 (4): 213–229. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2008)8:4(213).
Toprak, S., A. C. Koc, O. A. Cetin, and E. Nacaroglu. 2008. “Assessment of buried pipeline response to earthquake loading by using GIS.” In Proc., 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 1–8. Beijing: China Association of Earthquake Engineering.
Toprak, S., E. Nacaroglu, T. D. O’Rourke, A. C. Koc, M. Hamada, M. Cubrinovski, and S.-S. Jeon. 2014. “Pipeline damage assesment using horizontal displacements from air photo and LiDAR measurements Avonside Area, Christchurch, NZ.” In Proc., 2nd European Conf. on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, 24–29. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Toprak, S., and F. Taskin. 2007. “Estimation of earthquake damage to buried pipelines caused by ground shaking.” Nat. Hazards 40 (1): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-0002-1.
Trifonov, O. V. 2018. “The effect of variation of soil conditions along the pipeline in the fault-crossing zone.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 104 (Jan): 437–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.11.008.
Trifonov, O. V., and V. P. Cherniy. 2010. “A semi-analytical approach to a nonlinear stress–strain analysis of buried steel pipelines crossing active faults.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 30 (11): 1298–1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.06.002.
Tsatsis, A., M. Loli, and G. Gazetas. 2019. “Pipeline in dense sand subjected to tectonic deformation from normal or reverse faulting.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 127 (Dec): 105780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105780.
Tsinidis, G., L. Di Sarno, A. Sextos, and P. Furtner. 2020a. “Optimal intensity measures for the structural assessment of buried steel natural gas pipelines due to seismically-induced axial compression at geotechnical discontinuities.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 131 (Apr): 106030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.106030.
Tsinidis, G., L. Di Sarno, A. Sextos, and P. Furtner. 2020b. “Seismic fragility of buried steel natural gas pipelines due to axial compression at geotechnical discontinuities.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 18 (3): 837–906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00736-8.
Uckan, E., B. Akbas, J. Shen, W. Rou, F. Paolacci, and M. O’Rourke. 2015. “A simplified analysis model for determining the seismic response of buried steel pipes at strike-slip fault crossings.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 75 (Aug): 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.03.001.
Vazouras, P., P. Dakoulas, and S. A. Karamanos. 2015. “Pipe–soil interaction and pipeline performance under strike–slip fault movements.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 72 (May): 48–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.01.014.
Vazouras, P., and S. A. Karamanos. 2017. “Structural behavior of buried pipe bends and their effect on pipeline response in fault crossing areas.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 15 (11): 4999–5024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0148-0.
Wang, D. 2010. Response of underground pipeline to random ground motion. Tianjin, China: Tianjin Univ. Tianjin.
Wang, L. R.-L., and K.-M. Cheng. 1979. “Seismic response behavior of buried pipelines.” J. Pressure Vessel Technol. 101 (1): 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3454594.
Wang, L. R.-L., M. J. O’Rourke, and R. R. Pikul. 1979. Seismic vulnerability, behavior and design of buried pipelines. Troy, NY: Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Wang, L. R.-L., and Y. H. Yeh. 1985. “A refined seismic analysis and design of buried pipeline for fault movement.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 13 (1): 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290130109.
Watakabe, T., K. Tsukimori, A. Otani, M. Moriizumi, and N. Kaneko. 2016. “Investigation on ultimate strength of thin wall tee pipe for sodium cooled fast reactor under seismic loading.” Mech. Eng. J. 3 (3): 16-00054. https://doi.org/10.1299/mej.16-00054.
Wham, B. P., C. Argyrou, D. Bouziou, T. D. O’Rourke, H. Stewart, and T. K. Bond. 2014. “Jointed pipeline response to earthquake induced ground deformation.” In Proc., 10th National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Anchorage, AK: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
White, D. J., and M. F. Randolph. 2007. “Seabed characterisation and models for pipeline-soil interaction.” Int. Offshore Polar Eng. 17 (3): 193–204.
Wijewickreme, D., H. Karimian, and D. Honegger. 2009. “Response of buried steel pipelines subjected to relative axial soil movement.” Can. Geotech. J. 46 (7): 735–752. https://doi.org/10.1139/T09-019.
Wong, K. C., S. K. Datta, and A. H. Shah. 1986a. “Three-dimensional motion of buried pipeline. I: Analysis.” J. Eng. Mech. 112 (12): 1319–1337. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1986)112:12(1319).
Wong, K. C., A. H. Shah, and S. K. Datta. 1986b. “Three-dimensional motion of buried pipeline. II: Numerical results.” J. Eng. Mech. 112 (12): 1338–1345. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1986)112:12(1338).
Wu, X., H. Lu, K. Huang, S. Wu, and W. Qiao. 2015. “Frequency spectrum method-based stress analysis for oil pipelines in earthquake disaster areas.” PLoS One 10 (2): e0115299. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115299.
Xia, Z.-F., G.-L. Ye, J.-H. Wang, B. Ye, and F. Zhang. 2010. “Numerical analysis on the influence of thickness of liquefiable soil on seismic response of underground structure.” J. Shanghai Jiaotong Univ. 15 (3): 279–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12204-010-1003-5.
Xiaoyun, G., G. Fuping, and P. Qun. 2001. “Wave-soil-pipe coupling effect on submarine pipeline on-bottom stability.” Acta Mech. Sin. 17 (1): 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02487772.
Xu, L., and M. Lin. 2017. “Analysis of buried pipelines subjected to reverse fault motion using the vector form intrinsic finite element method.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 93 (Feb): 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.12.004.
Yan, K., J. Zhang, Z. Wang, W. Liao, and Z. Wu. 2018. “Seismic responses of deep buried pipeline under non-uniform excitations from large scale shaking table test.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 113 (Oct): 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.05.036.
Yang, R., H. Kameda, and S. Takada. 1988. “Shell model FEM analysis of buried pipelines under seismic loading.” Bull. Disaster Prev. Inst. 38 (6): 115–146.
Yeh, G. C. K. 1974. “Seismic analysis of slender buried beams.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 64 (5): 1551–1562.
Yifei, Y., S. Bing, W. Jianjun, and Y. Xiangzhen. 2018. “A study on stress of buried oil and gas pipeline crossing a fault based on thin shell FEM model.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 81 (Nov): 472–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.031.
Yoo, D. G., D. Jung, D. Kang, J. H. Kim, and K. Lansey. 2016. “Seismic hazard assessment model for urban water supply networks.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 142 (2): 04015055. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000584.
Yoshizaki, K., T. D. O’Rourke, and M. Hamada. 2003. “Large scale experiments of buried steel pipelines with elbows subjected to permanent ground deformation.” Struct. Eng. 20 (1): 1s–11s. https://doi.org/10.2208/jsceseee.20.1s.
Yoshizaki, K., and T. Sakanoue. 2004. “Analytical study on soil-pipeline interaction due to large ground deformation.” In Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Tokyo: International Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Youssef, B. S., M. J. Cassidy, and Y. Tian. 2010. “Balanced three-dimensional modelling of the fluid-structure-soil interaction of an untrenched pipeline.” In Proc., 12th Int. Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf. Cupertino, CA: International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers.
Youssef, B. S., M. J. Cassidy, and Y. Tian. 2013. “Application of statistical analysis techniques to pipeline on-bottom stability analysis.” J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. 135 (3): 031701. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4023204.
Yun, H., and S. Kyriakides. 1985. “Model for beam-mode buckling of buried pipelines.” J. Eng. Mech. 111 (2): 235–253. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1985)111:2(235).
Zanini, M. A., C. Vianello, F. Faleschini, L. Hofer, and G. Maschio. 2016. “A framework for probabilistic seismic risk assessment of NG distribution networks.” Chem. Eng. Trans. 53 (Sep): 163–168.
Zeng, X., F.-F. Dong, X.-D. Xie, and G.-F. Du. 2019. “A new analytical method of strain and deformation of pipeline under fault movement.” Int. J. Pressure Vessels Pipeline 172 (May): 199–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2019.03.005.
Zhang, J., Z. Liang, and H. Zhang. 2016a. “Response analysis of buried pipeline subjected to reverse fault displacement in rock stratum.” Trans. FAMENA 40 (3): 91–100. https://doi.org/10.21278/TOF.40308.
Zhang, J., D. Stewart, and M. Randolph. 2002a. “Kinematic hardening model for pipeline-soil interaction under various loading conditions.” Int. J. Geomech. 2 (4): 419–446. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2002)2:4(419).
Zhang, J., D. P. Stewart, and M. F. Randolph. 2002b. “Modeling of shallowly embedded offshore pipelines in calcareous sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 128 (5): 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:5(363).
Zhang, L., X. Zhao, X. Yan, and X. Yang. 2016b. “A new finite element model of buried steel pipelines crossing strike-slip faults considering equivalent boundary springs.” Eng. Struct. 123 (Sep): 30–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.05.042.
Zhang, L., X. Zhao, X. Yan, and X. Yang. 2017. “Elastoplastic analysis of mechanical response of buried pipelines under strike-slip faults.” Int. J. Geomech. 17 (4): 04016109. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000790.
Zhao, L., C. Cui, and X. Li. 2010. “Response analysis of buried pipelines crossing fault due to overlying soil rupture.” Earthquake Sci. 23 (1): 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11589-009-0072-8.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice
Volume 12 • Issue 2 • May 2021
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Dec 31, 2020
Published in print: May 1, 2021
Discussion open until: May 31, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.