Pipe-Soil Interaction at Pipe Bend under Seismic Load
Publication: Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice
Volume 11, Issue 3
Abstract
Owing to large differences in the stiffness of pipelines and soil, their movements cannot be coordinated under vibrational loads. Therefore, pipe-soil interaction is an extremely important factor in studying pipeline failure, and many researchers have performed detailed investigations on pipe-soil interactions in straight pipelines. In this paper, pipe bending tests were performed using unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) pipes on a shaking table and earth pressures at an elbow were obtained under different site conditions. Experimental results were compared with those obtained from particle flow code in two dimensions () simulations and empirical equations, which proved the reliability of the experimentally obtained results. In this paper, the change rule of earth pressure at an elbow was analyzed, relevant regular curves obtained for different soil types were fitted, and the relationship between earth pressure at an elbow and transverse and longitudinal earth pressures for straight pipes were determined. Then five external factors influencing the earth pressure of pipe bending, including pipe buried depth, pipe diameter, bending angle, loading frequency, and loading peak, were investigated. Finally, based on experimental equations of earth pressure for straight pipes, experimental equations were derived for elbow earth pressure calculation, and the reference values for the calculation of the earth pressure of pipe bending were given.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The support of the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (Grant 2016YFC0802401) is greatly appreciated.
References
ALA (American Lifelines Alliance). 2005. Guidelines for the design of buried steel pipe. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Almahakeri, M., I. D. Moore, and A. Fam. 2017. “Numerical study of longitudinal bending in buried GFRP pipes subjected to lateral earth movements.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 8 (1): 04016012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000237.
ASCE. 1984. Guidelines for the seismic design of oil and gas pipeline systems, committee on gas and liquid fuel lifelines. New York: ASCE.
Calvetti, F., C. Di Prisco, and R. Nova. 2004. “Experimental and numerical analysis of soil-pipe interaction.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 130 (12): 1292–1299. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:12(1292).
Chakraborty, D., and J. Kumar. 2014. “Vertical uplift resistance of pipes buried in sand.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 5 (1): 04013009. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000149.
Chan, P. D. S., and R. C. K. Wong. 2004. “Performance evaluation of a buried steel pipe in a moving slope: A case study.” Can. Geotech. J. 41 (5): 894–907. https://doi.org/10.1139/t04-035.
Daiyan, N., S. Kenny, R. Phillips, and R. Popescu. 2011. “Investigating pipeline-soil interaction under axial-lateral relative movements in the sand.” Can. Geotech. J. 48 (11): 1683–1695. https://doi.org/10.1139/t11-061.
Edkins, D. J., R. P. Orense, R. S. Henry, and J. M. Ingham. 2015. “Signature failure modes of pipelines constructed of different materials when subjected to earthquakes.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 7 (1): 04015014. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000213.
Gu, X. L., H. J. Qian, H. S. Liu, and S. M. Wang. 2003. Groundwork and foundation. Beijing: China Building Industry Press.
Guo, P. J., and D. F. E. Stolle. 2005. “Lateral pipe-soil interaction in sand with reference to scale effect.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (3): 338–349. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:3(338).
Honegger, D. G., and D. J. Nyman. 2002. “Guidelines for the seismic design and assessment of natural gas and liquid hydrocarbon pipelines.” In Proc., 2002 4th Int. Pipeline Conf. Arlington, VA: Pipeline Research Council International.
Hosseini, M., and M. T. Roudsari. 2014. “Minimum effective length and modified criteria for damage evaluation of continuous buried straight steel pipelines subjected to seismic waves.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 6 (4): 04014018. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000193.
Karamanos, S. A., G. C. Sarvanis, B. D. Keil, and R. J. Card. 2017. “Analysis and design of buried steel water pipelines in seismic areas.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 8 (4): 04017018. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000280.
Karimian, H., D. Wijewickreme, and D. Honegger. 2006. “Buried pipelines subjected to transverse ground movement: Comparison between full-scale testing and numerical modeling.” In Proc., 25th Int. Conf. on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 73–79. New York: ASME.
Lin, G., T. Zhu, and B. Lin. 2000. “Similarity technique for dynamic structural model test.” J. Dalian Univ. Technol. 40 (1): 1–8.
Liu, R., S. Guo, and S. Yan. 2015. “Study on the lateral soil resistance acting on the buried pipeline.” Supplement, J. Coastal Res. 73 (S1): 391–398. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI73-069.1.
Liu, R., S. W. Yan, and X. L. Wu. 2013. “Model test studies on soil restraint to pipeline buried in Bohai soft clay.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 4 (1): 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000109.
Meidani, M., M. A. Meguid, and L. E. Chouinard. 2018. “Estimating earth loads on buried pipes under axial loading condition: Insights from 3D discrete element analysis.” Int. J. Geo-Eng. 9 (1): 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-018-0073-3.
Meymand, P. 1998. Shaking table scale model test of nonlinear soil-pile-superstructure interaction in soft caly. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
Newmark, M., and W. J. Hall. 1975. “Pipeline design to resist large fault displacement.” In Proc., US National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 416–425. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
O’Rourke, M. J., and X. Liu. 1999. Response of buried pipelines subjected to earthquake effect, monograph series MCEER. Buffalo, NY: State Univ. of New York.
O’Rourke, M. J., and C. Nordberg. 1992. Longitudinal permanent ground deformation effects on buried continuous pipelines. Buffalo, NY: National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
Phillips, R., A. Nobahar, and I. Zhou. 2004. “Combined axial and lateral pipe-soil interaction relationships.” In Proc., Int. Pipeline Conf., 299–303. New York: ASME.
Pineda-Porras, P. O., and M. Ordaz. 2010. “Seismic fragility formulations for segmented buried pipeline systems including the impact of differential ground subsidence.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 1 (4): 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000061.
Potyondy, D. O., and P. A. Cundall. 2004. “A bonded-particle model for rock.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 41 (8): 1329–1364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.09.011.
Qu, T. J., R. N. Jiang, D. Wang, and J. W. Liang. 2013. “Response of underground pipelines subjected to partially coherent seismic excitation.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 4 (4): 04013002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000144.
Rahman, M. A., and H. Taniyama. 2015. “Analysis of a buried pipeline subjected to fault displacement: A DEM and FEM study.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 71 (Apr): 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.01.011.
Saboya, F. A., Jr., P. D. A. C. Santiago, R. R. Martins, S. Tibana, R. S. Ramires, and J. T. Araruna. 2012. “Centrifuge test to evaluate the geotechnical performance of anchored buried pipelines in sand.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 3 (3): 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000105.
Talesnick, M. L., and S. Frydman. 2018. “Soil pressure and pipe deformation measurements for characterizing flexible pipe–soil systems under shallow cover.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 9 (1): 04017028. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000294.
Trautmann, C. H., and T. D. O’Rourke. 1983. Behavior of pipe with dry sand under lateral and uplift loading. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ.
Trifonov, O. V. 2014. “Numerical stress-strain analysis of buried steel pipelines crossing active strike-slip faults with an emphasis on fault modeling aspects.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 6 (1): 04014008. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000177.
Wham, B. P., and T. D. O’Rourke. 2015. “Jointed pipeline response to large ground deformation.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 7 (1): 04015009. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000207.
Wijewickreme, D., H. Karimian, and D. Honegger. 2009. “Response of buried steel pipelines subjected to relative axial soil movement.” Can. Geotech. J. 46 (7): 735–752. https://doi.org/10.1139/T09-019.
Yigit, A. 2015. Deprem Etkisi Altındaki Gömülü Sürekli Boru Hatları. [In Turkish.] Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Turkey.
Yimsiri, S., K. Soga, K. Yoshizaki, G. R. Dasari, and T. D. O’Rourke. 2004. “Lateral and uplift soil-pipeline interactions in sand for deep embedment conditions.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 130 (8): 830–842. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:8(830).
Zhang, B., W. Wang, and L. Tao. 2010. “Review of study on model for shaking table test of a subway station structure.” World Earthquake Eng. 26 (1): 153–157.
Zhang, J., Z. Liang, and C. Han. 2016. “Mechanical behavior analysis of the buried steel pipeline crossing landslide area.” J. Pressure Vessel Technol. 138 (5): 051702. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4032991.
Zhang, L., M. Fang, X. Pang, X. Yan, and Y. Cao. 2018. “Mechanical behavior of pipelines subjecting to horizontal landslides using a new finite element model with equivalent boundary springs.” Thin Walled Struct. 124 (Mar): 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2017.12.019.
Zhu, Q. J., Y. L. Liu, H. C. Wang, and S. J. Wang. 2007. “Research on earthquake resistance of buried pipeline under pipe-soil interaction.” World Earthquake Eng. 23 (1): 47–49.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice
Volume 11 • Issue 3 • August 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 26, 2019
Accepted: Nov 6, 2019
Published online: Apr 8, 2020
Published in print: Aug 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Sep 8, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.