Experimental Study of Crack Characteristics of Self-Compacting Rubberized Concrete under Four-Point Bending Based on Acoustic Emission Technique
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 5
Abstract
Four-point bending tests of self-compacting concrete with different rubber contents were conducted, and the acoustic emission (AE) technique was used to monitor the fracture process. The evolution law of rise angle (RA), average frequency (AF), and AE intensity was analyzed, and the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) was used for clustering analysis of crack mode in different loading stages. The results clarify that the safe regions of self-compacting rubberized concrete (SCRC) were proposed based on AE intensity. Both the slope of the cumulative RA–AF curve and the average value of RA and AF had a quantitative relationship with rubber content. Rubber content had little effect on crack mode. The failure process of SCRC with rubber contents of 0%–30% was dominated by the tensile crack mode, and the maximum proportion of shear cracks appeared in the postpeak loading stage (40%–20%), which can be considered as warning value of concrete bending failure. The results can provide a theoretical reference for the early warning of SCRC failure.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The research is based upon the work supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (General Program), Grant/Award No. 51979090, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Grant/Award No. B200202076.
References
Abd, A. M., and S. M. Abd. 2017. “Modelling the strength of lightweight foamed concrete using support vector machine (SVM).” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 6 (7): 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2016.11.002.
Abouhussien, A. A., and A. A. A. Hassan. 2020. “Classification of damage in self-consolidating rubberized concrete using acoustic emission intensity analysis.” Ultrasonics 100 (Jan): 105999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2019.105999.
Adhikari, B., D. De, and S. Maiti. 2000. “Reclamation and recycling of waste rubber.” Prog. Polym. Sci. 25 (7): 909–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(00)00020-4.
Aggelis, D. G. 2011. “Classification of cracking mode in concrete by acoustic emission parameters.” Mech. Res. Commun. 38 (3): 153–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2011.03.007.
Andreev, V. G., V. N. Dmitriev, Y. A. Pishchal’Nikov, O. V. Rudenko, and A. P. Sarvazyan. 1996. “Observation of shear waves excited by focused ultrasound in a rubber-like medium.” Acoust. Phys. 43 (2): 123–128. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1211.2556.
Anifowose, F. A. 2010. “Comparative study of Gaussian mixture model and radial basis function for voice recognition.” Inter. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. 1 (3): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2010.010301.
AQSIQ and SAC (General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and Standardization Administration Committee). 2007. Common Portland cement. GB 175-2007. Beijing: China Quality and Standards Publishing & Meida.
AQSIQ and SAC (General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and Standardization Administration Committee). 2011. Silica fume for cement mortar and concrete. GB/T 27690-2011. Beijing: China Quality and Standards Publishing & Meida.
AQSIQ and SAC (General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and Standardization Administration Committee). 2017. Fly ash used for cement and concrete. GB/T 1596-2017. Beijing: China Quality and Standards Publishing & Meida.
Aslani, F., and M. Khan. 2019. “Properties of high-performance self-compacting rubberized concrete exposed to high temperatures.” ASCE J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (5): 04019040. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002672.
Battaglini, R., B. Raco, and A. Scozzari. 2013. “Effective monitoring of landfills: Flux measurements and thermography enhance efficiency and reduce environmental impact.” J. Geophys. Eng. 10 (6): 064002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-2132/10/6/064002.
Bi, H., H. Tang, G. Yang, H. Shu, and J.-L. Dillenseger. 2018. “Accurate image segmentation using Gaussian mixture model with saliency map.” Pattern Anal. Appl. 21 (3): 869–878. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-017-0672-1.
Chen, Q., and L. Sang. 2018. “Face-mask recognition for fraud prevention using Gaussian mixture model.” J. Visual Commun. Image Represent. 55 (Aug): 795–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2018.08.016.
Chen, X., Z. Liu, S. Guo, Y. Huang, and W. Xu. 2019. “Experimental study on fatigue properties of normal and rubberized self-compacting concrete under bending.” Constr. Build. Mater. 205 (Apr): 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.207.
Farhidzadeh, A., S. Salamone, and P. Singla. 2013. “A probabilistic approach for damage identification and crack mode classification in reinforced concrete structure.” J. Intel. Mater. Syst. Struct. 24 (14): 1722–1735. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X13484101.
Feng, W., F. Liu, F. Yang, L. Li, and L. Jing. 2018. “Experimental study on dynamic split tensile properties of rubber concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 165 (Mar): 675–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.073.
Fowler, T., J. Blessing, and P. Conlisk. 1989. “New directions in testing.” In Proc., Int. Conf. of Acoustic Emission from Composite Materials, edited by K. Ono, 16–27. Memphis, TN: Acoustic Emission Working Group.
Gregori, A., C. Castoro, G. C. Marano, and R. Greco. 2019. “Strength reduction factor of concrete with recycled rubber aggregates from tires.” ASCE J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (8): 04019146. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002783.
Han, Q., G. Yang, J. Xu, Z. Fu, G. Lacidogna, and A. Carpinteri. 2019. “Acoustic emission data analysis based on crumb rubber concrete beam bending tests.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 210 (Apr): 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.05.016.
Ismail, M. K., and A. A. A. Hassan. 2016. “Impact resistance and acoustic absorption capacity of self-consolidating rubberized concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 113 (6): 725–736. https://doi.org/10.14359/51689359.
Johnson, M. 2002. “Waveform based clustering and classification of AE transients in composite laminates using principal component analysis.” NDT&E Int. 35 (6): 367–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8695(02)00004-X.
Kersten, J. 2014. “Simultaneous feature selection and Gaussian mixture model estimation for supervised classification problems.” Pattern Recogn. 47 (8): 2582–2595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2014.02.015.
Li, D., Z. Chen, Q. Feng, and Y. Wang. 2015. “Damage analysis of CFRP-confined circular concrete-filled steel tubular columns by acoustic emission techniques.” Smart Mater. Struct. 24 (8): 085017. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/24/8/085017.
Lin, Q., B. Wan, Y. Wang, Y. Lu, and J. F. Labuz. 2019. “Unifying acoustic emission and digital imaging observations of quasi-brittle fracture.” Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 103 (Oct): 102301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2019.102301.
McQuillen, J. L., Jr., and R. G. Hicks. 1987. “Construction of rubber-modified asphalt pavements.” J. Constr. Eng. M. 113 (4): 537–553. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1987)113:4(537).
Najim, K. B., and M. R. Hall. 2010. “A review of the fresh/hardened properties and applications for plain- (PRC) and self-compacting rubberised concrete (SCRC).” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (11): 2043–2051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.056.
Nguyen-Tat, T., N. Ranaivomanana, and J. P. Balayssac. 2018. “Characterization of damage in concrete beams under bending with Acoustic Emission Technique (AET).” Constr. Build. Mater. 187 (Oct): 487–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.217.
Ohno, K. 2017. “Through-transmission characteristics of AE sensor couplants.” J. Acoust. Emiss. 34: 1–11.
Ohno, K., and M. Ohtsu. 2010. “Crack classification in concrete based on acoustic emission.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (12): 2339–2346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.05.004.
Prem, P. R., and A. R. Murthy. 2017. “Acoustic emission monitoring of reinforced concrete beams subjected to four-point-bending.” Appl. Acoust. 117 (Part A): 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.08.006.
Rodriquez, P., and T. B. Celestino. 2019. “Application of acoustic emission monitoring and signal analysis to the qualitative and quantitative characterization of fracturing process in rocks.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 210 (Apr): 54–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.06.027.
Rui, Y., Q. Song, X. Wang, Z. Zhang, Z. Shui, and H. J. H. Brouwers. 2017. “Sustainable development of Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC): Towards to an optimized concrete matrix and efficient fibre application.” J. Cleaner Prod. 162 (Sep): 220–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.017.
Sagar, R. V. 2018. “Verification of the applicability of the Gaussian mixture modelling for damage identification in reinforced concrete structures using acoustic emission testing.” J. Civ. Struct. Health 8 (3): 395–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-018-0284-5.
Sagar, R. V., G. Kumar, G. Prasad, E. Suarez, and A. Gallego. 2019. “Determination of yielding point by means a probabilistic method on acoustic emission signals for application to health monitoring of reinforced concrete structures.” Struct. Control Health 26 (2): e2305. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2305.
Sagar, R. V., B. K. R. Prasad, and S. S. Kumar. 2012. “An experimental study on cracking evolution in concrete and cement mortar by the -value analysis of acoustic emission technique.” Cem. Concr. Res. 42 (8): 1094–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.05.003.
Sayar, H., M. Azadi, A. Ghasemi-Ghalebahman, and S. M. Jafari. 2018. “Clustering effect on damage mechanisms in open-hole laminated carbon/epoxy composite under constant tensile loading rate using acoustic emission.” Compos. Struct. 204 (Nov): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.07.047.
Shigeishi, M., and M. Ohstu. 1999. “Identification of acoustic emission sources by using SIGMA-2D moment tensor analysis.” In Acoustic emission: Standards and technology update. ASTM STP 1353, edited by S. J. Vahaviolos, 175–188. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Shiotani, T., M. Ohtsu, and K. Ikeda. 2001. “Detection and evaluation of AE waves due to rock deformation.” Constr. Build. Mater. 15 (5–6): 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(00)00073-8.
Soulioti, D., N. M. Barkoula, A. Paipetis, T. E. Matikas, T. Shiotani, and D. G. Aggelis. 2009. “Acoustic emission behavior of steel fibre reinforced concrete under bending.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (12): 3532–3536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.042.
Vélez, W., F. Matta, and P. Ziehl. 2015. “Acoustic emission monitoring of early corrosion in prestressed concrete piles.” Struct. Control Health 22 (5): 873–887. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1723.
Xie, J., Y. Guo, L. Liu, and Z. Xie. 2015. “Compressive and flexural behaviours of a new steel-fibre-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete with crumb rubber.” Constr. Build. Mater. 79 (Mar): 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.036.
Yung, W. H., L. C. Yung, and L. H. Hua. 2013. “A study of the durability properties of waste tire rubber applied to self-compacting concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 41 (Apr): 665–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.019.
Yuyama, S., Z. Li, Y. Ito, and M. Arazoe. 1999. “Quantitative analysis of fracture process in RC column foundation by moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission.” Constr. Build. Mater. 13 (1–2): 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(99)00011-2.
Zhang, B., and C. S. Poon. 2017. “Sound insulation properties of rubberized lightweight aggregate concrete.” J. Cleaner Prod. 172 (Jan): 3176–3185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.044.
Zhou, X. P., Y. J. Lian, L. N. Y. Wong, and F. Berto. 2018. “Understanding the fracture behavior of brittle and ductile multi-flawed rocks by uniaxial loading by digital image correlation.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 199 (Aug): 438–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.06.007.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 22, 2021
Accepted: Aug 23, 2022
Published online: Feb 27, 2023
Published in print: May 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jul 27, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.