Mechanism of a Warm-Mix Agent and Its Effects on the Rheological Properties and Thermal Stability of Aluminum Hydroxide and Organic Montmorillonite Composite Flame-Retardant Asphalt
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 5
Abstract
The effects of a warm-mix agent, PN2217, on the rheological properties and thermal stability of alumina trihydrate/organic montmorillonite (ATH/OMMT) composite flame-retardant asphalt were investigated in this study. Dynamic shear rheological and multiple stress creep recovery tests were performed to investigate the high-temperature rheological properties of ATH/OMMT flame-retardant asphalts with different amounts of PN2217. Thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry was performed to evaluate the thermal stability of the asphalt binders. Kinetic analyses were conducted to investigate the combustion mechanism. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy were performed to investigate the reaction mechanism of PN2217 with the ATH/OMMT flame-retardant asphalt. The microstructure of the combustion residue was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The FTIR spectra revealed no chemical change after the addition of PN2217 to the flame-retardant asphalt. The results indicated that PN2217 adversely affected the elastic response and rutting resistance of the ATH/OMMT asphalt because the intercalated structure formed by the intercalation of the asphalt molecules into OMMT was transformed into a phase-separated structure in the presence of PN2217. Moreover, PN2217 adversely affected the thermal stability of the ATH/OMMT asphalt by reducing the activation energy and preventing the formation of a char layer during combustion.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and codes generated or used during the study are presented in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the Natural Science Foundation for Youth of Shaanxi Provincial (S2017-ZRJJ-QN-0944) and the Science and Technology Project of the Shaanxi Transportation and Transportation Department (10-26K).
References
Abd El-Hakim, R. T., J. Epps, A. Epps Martin, and E. Arámbula-Mercado. 2021. “Laboratory and field investigation of moisture susceptibility of hot and warm mix asphalts.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 22 (11): 1389–1398. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2019.1694150.
Alexandre, M., and P. Dubois. 2000. “Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: Preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials.” Mater. Sci. Eng. R-Rep. 28 (1–2): 1–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-796X(00)00012-7.
Azarhoosh, A., and M. Koohmishi. 2020. “Investigation of the rutting potential of asphalt binder and mixture modified by styrene-ethylene/propylene-styrene nanocomposite.” Constr. Build. Mater. 255 (Sep): 119363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119363.
Benbouzid, M., and S. Hafsi. 2008. Thermal and kinetic analyses of pure and oxidized bitumens.” Fuel 87 (8–9): 1585–1590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.08.016.
Bower, N., H. Wen, S. Wu, K. Willoughby, J. Weston, and J. DeVol. 2016. “Evaluation of the performance of warm mix asphalt in Washington state.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 17 (5): 423–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2014.993199.
Chen, R., J. Gong, Y. Jiang, Q. Wang, Z. Xi, and H. Xie. 2018. “Halogen-free flame retarded cold-mix epoxy asphalt binders: Rheological, thermal and mechanical characterization.” Constr. Build. Mater. 186 (Oct): 863–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.018.
Chen, R., R. Zhao, Y. Liu, Z. Xi, J. Cai, J. Zhang, Q. Wang, and H. Xie. 2021. “Development of eco-friendly fire-retarded warm-mix epoxy asphalt binders using reactive polymeric flame retardants for road tunnel pavements.” Constr. Build. Mater. 284 (May): 122752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122752.
Chinese Standard. 2011. Standard test methods of bitumen and bitumenious mixtures for highway engineering. JTG E20-2011. Beijing: China Communications Press.
De Moraes, M. B., R. B. Pereira, R. A. Simao, and L. F. M. Leite. 2010. “High temperature AFM study of CAP 30/45 pen grade bitumen.” J. Microsc. 239 (1): 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03354.x.
Dong, Z.-J., T. Zhou, H. Wang, and H. Luan. 2018. “Performance comparison between different sourced bioasphalts and asphalt mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (5): 04018063. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002247.
Hou, X., C. Hettiarachchi, F. Xiao, Z. Zhao, Q. Xiang, and D. Yong. 2021. “Blending efficiency improvement and energy investigation of recycled asphalt mixture involved warm mix technology.” J. Cleaner Prod. 279 (Jan): 123732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123732.
Jiang, Q., N. Li, F. Yang, Y. Ren, S. Wu, F. Wang, and J. Xie. 2021. “Rheology and volatile organic compounds characteristics of warm-mix flame retardant asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 298 (Sep): 123691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123691.
Jiang, Y., X. Han, J. Gong, Z. Xi, J. Cai, Q. Wang, G. Ding, and H. Xie. 2019. “Laboratory investigation of epoxy asphalt binder modified by brominated SBS.” Constr. Build. Mater. 228 (Dec): 116733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116733.
Li, X., Y. Wang, Y. Wu, H. Wang, Q. Wang, X. Zhu, X. Liu, H. Sun, and L. Fan. 2021. “Effect of graphene on modified asphalt microstructures based on atomic force microscopy.” Materials 14 (13): 3677. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133677.
Li, X., Z. Zhou, X. Deng, and Z. You. 2017. “Flame resistance of asphalt mixtures with flame retardants through a comprehensive testing program.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (4): 04016266. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001788.
Liu, H., Z. Zhang, J. Xie, Z. Gui, N. Li, and Y. Xu. 2021. “Analysis of OMMT strengthened UV aging-resistance of Sasobit/SBS modified asphalt: Its preparation, characterization and mechanism.” J. Cleaner Prod. 315 (Sep): 128139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128139.
Liu, S., S. Zhou, and A. Peng. 2020. “Analysis of moisture susceptibility of foamed warm mix asphalt based on cohesion, adhesion, bond strength, and morphology.” J. Cleaner Prod. 277 (Dec): 123334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123334.
Ma, H., L. Tong, Z. Xu, and Z. Fang. 2007. “Clay network in ABS-graft-MAH nanocomposites: Rheology and flammability.” Polym. Degrad. Stab. 92 (8): 1439–1445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.05.013.
Morgan, A., L.-L. Chu, and J. Harris. 2005. “A flammability performance comparison between synthetic and natural clays in polystyrene nanocomposites.” Fire Mater. 29 (4): 213–229. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.881.
Ni, R., Y. Huang, and C. Yao. 2009. “Thermogravimetric analysis of organoclays intercalated with the gemini surfactants.” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 96 (3): 943–947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-009-0046-z.
Pamplona, T. F., B. D. C. Amoni, A. E. V. D. Alencar, A. P. D. Lima, N. M. Ricardo, J. B. Soares, and S. D. A. Soares. 2012. “Asphalt binders modified by SBS and SBS/nanoclays: Effect on rheological properties.” J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 23 (4): 639–647. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532012000400008.
Pei, J., Y. Wen, Y. Li, X. Shi, J. Zhang, R. Li, and Q. Du. 2014. “Flame-retarding effects and combustion properties of asphalt binder blended with organo montmorillonite and alumina trihydrate.” Constr. Build. Mater. 72 (Dec): 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.013.
Prowell, B. D., G. C. Hurley, and E. Crews. 2007. “Field performance of warm-mix asphalt at national center for asphalt technology test track.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1998 (1): 96–102. https://doi.org/10.3141/1998-12.
Qin, X., S. Zhu, S. Chen, and K. Deng. 2013. “The mechanism of flame and smoke retardancy of asphalt mortar containing composite flame retardant material.” Constr. Build. Mater. 41 (Apr): 852–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.048.
Shen, A., Y. Su, X. Yang, H. Wang, and W. Zhao. 2020. “Influencing of compounding flame retardants with ATH/MMT on performance of asphalt mixture.” J. Chang’An Univ. 40 (2): 1–9.
Wang, C., P.-W. Hao, T. Xu, and R.-X. Li. 2012a. “Influences of sasobit on asphalt retardant properties.” J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. 34 (8): 55–60.
Wang, C., T. Jiang, H. He, M. Hou, and X. Wang. 2015. “Function of warm-mixed flame retardant OGFC asphalt mixture.” Mater. Rev. 29 (2B): 122–128.
Wang, H. Q., L. Zhao, and B. Tian. 2012b. “Experiment research on asphalt pavement performance with different flame retarding systems.” Front. Mech. Eng. Mater. Eng. 184–185 (Jun): 967–970. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.184-185.967.
Wen, P., D. Wang, J. Liu, J. Zhan, Y. Hu, and R. Yuen. 2016. “Organically modified montmorillonite as a synergist for intumescent flame retardant against the flammable polypropylene: Effect of OMMT on PP/APP/HCFA.” Polym. Adv. Technol. 28 (6): 679–685. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.3967.
Wu, B., Z. Y. Huang, and K. Zhu. 2015. “Investigation on the combustion process and flame retardant performance of asphalt with metal hydroxides.” Adv. Mater. Res. 1065–1069 (Dec): 749–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.08.016.
Xiao, F., R. Guo, and J. Wang. 2019. “Flame retardant and its influence on the performance of asphalt: A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 212 (Jul): 841–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.118.
Xu, S., J. Yu, C. Zhang, and Y. Sun. 2015. “Effect of ultraviolet aging on rheological properties of organic intercalated layered double hydroxides modified asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 75 (Jan): 421–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.046.
Xu, T., and X. Huang. 2010. “Study on combustion mechanism of asphalt binder by using TG-FTIR technique.” Fuel 89 (9): 2185–2190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.012.
Xu, T., and X. Huang. 2011. “Combustion properties and multistage kinetics models of asphalt binder filled with flame retardant.” Combust. Sci. Technol. 183 (10): 1027–1038. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2011.580803.
Yang, S., K. Yan, W. He, and H. Wang. 2018. “Laboratory evaluation of deurex-modified asphalt.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (1): 04017258. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002111.
Yang, X., A. Shen, Y. Jiang, Y. Meng, and H. Wu. 2021a. “Properties and mechanism of flame retardance and smoke suppression in asphalt binder containing organic montmorillonite.” Constr. Build. Mater. 302 (Oct): 124148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124148.
Yang, X., A. Shen, Y. Jiang, H. Wu, and G. Wang. 2021b. “Review on nano clay modified asphalt based on flame retardant and smoke suppression.” J. Traffic Transp. Eng. 21 (5): 42–61. https://doi.org/10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2021.05.004.
Yang, X., A. Shen, Y. Su, and W. Zhao. 2020. “Effects of alumina trihydrate (ATH) and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) on asphalt fume emission and flame retardancy properties of SBS-modified asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 236 (Mar): 117576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117576.
Yang, Y., H. Wang, K. Liao, and C. Hong. 2016. “Study on properties of eco-friendly SBS modified asphalt with flame-retarder.” Pet. Process. Petrochem. 47 (3): 31–35.
Zhang, C., J. Yu, S. Xu, L. Xue, and Z. Cao. 2016. “Influence of UV aging on the rheological properties of bitumen modified with surface organic layered double hydroxides.” Constr. Build. Mater. 123 (Oct): 574–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.048.
Zhang, H. L., J. Y. Yu, H. C. Wang, and L. H. Xue. 2011. “Investigation of microstructures and ultraviolet aging properties of organo-montmorillonite/SBS modified bitumen.” Mater. Chem. Phys. 129 (3): 769–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.04.078.
Zhang, Z., M. Jia, W. Jiao, B. Qi, and H. Liu. 2018. “Physical properties and microstructures of organic rectorites and their modified asphalts.” Constr. Build. Mater. 171 (May): 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.163.
Zhao, S., B. Huang, X. Shu, X. Jia, and M. Woods. 2012. “Laboratory performance evaluation of warm-mix asphalt containing high percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2294 (1): 98–105. https://doi.org/10.3141/2294-11.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 1, 2022
Accepted: Aug 17, 2022
Published online: Feb 21, 2023
Published in print: May 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jul 21, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Yan Zhou, Tianru Liu, Zhongxing Chen, Fa Che, Kai Zhang, Lei Du, Study on Flame Retardant Performance of Modified Asphalt Based on Functional Groups and Thermogravimetric Analysis, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-16906, 36, 3, (2024).