Dynamic Properties of Expansive Soil-Rubber under Freeze–Thaw Cycles
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 4
Abstract
Soils mixed with recycled waste rubbers have been widely used in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering. However, the research on rubber-soil mixtures in deep seasonally frozen regions is relatively lacking, so the application and dynamic properties of expansive soil-rubber (ESR) undergoing freeze–thaw (FT) cycles need further investigation. This study investigated the dynamic properties of ESR undergoing freeze–thaw cycles in terms of confining pressure and frequency using temperature-controlled dynamic triaxial tests. The results show that (1) shear stress and dynamic shear modulus with 5% and 10% rubber content (RC) are similar under freeze–thaw cycles, and both decrease and then increase with the number of cycles; (2) shear stress and dynamic shear modulus are positively correlated with confining pressure and frequency for the same number of cycles; (3) ESR damping ratio decreases with increasing shear strain, with a maximum reduction of 50.65%; (4) variations in ESR damping ratio under the influence of freeze–thaw cycles, confining pressure, and frequency are significant; and (5) ESR damping ratio is optimal when and , and is 29.76% higher than that of plain expansive soil.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.
Acknowledgments
Financial support for this investigation was provided by the National Major Scientific Research Instrument Development Project (No. 41627801), the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1505305), and the Special Project Fund of Taishan Scholars of Shandong Province, China (No. 2015-212) is gratefully acknowledged.
References
Ajmera, B., B. Tiwari, J. Koirala, and Z. Obaid. 2017. “Compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strengths, and coefficients of permeability of fine-grained soils mixed with crumb-rubber tire.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (9): 04017148. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001989.
Akbarimehr, D., and E. Aflaki. 2018. “An experimental study on the effect of tire powder on the geotechnical properties of clay soils.” Civ. Eng. J. 4 (3): 594–601. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-0309118.
Akbarimehr, D., and K. Fakharian. 2021. “Dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of clay mixed with waste rubber using cyclic triaxial apparatus.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 140 (Jan): 106435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106435.
Anastasiadis, A., K. Senetakis, and K. Pitilakis. 2013. “Small-strain shear modulus and damping ratio of sand-rubber and gravel-rubber mixtures.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 30 (2): 363–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-011-9473-2.
Araei, A. A., and A. Ghodrati. 2018. “Loading frequency effect on dynamic properties of mixed sandy soils.” Sci. Iran. 25 (5): 2461–2479. https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2017.4209.
Araei, A. A., H. R. Razeghi, S. H. Tabatabaei, and A. Ghalandarzadeh. 2012. “Loading frequency effect on stiffness, damping and cyclic strength of modeled rockfill materials.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 33 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.05.009.
ASTM. 2010. Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soil. ASTM D4318. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bragar, E., Y. Pronozin, A. Zhussupbekov, A. Gerber, A. Sarsembayeva, T. Muzdybayeva, and U. Z. Sarabekova. 2022. “Evaluation of the strength characteristics of silty-clayey soils during freezing-thawing cycles.” Appl. Sci. 12 (2): 802. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020802.
Chaney, R., K. Demars, Z. Y. Feng, and K. G. Sutter. 2000. “Dynamic properties of granulated rubber/sand mixtures.” Geotech. Test. J. 23 (3): 338–344. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11055J.
Chiu, C. T. 2008. “Use of ground tire rubber in asphalt pavements: Field trial and evaluation in Taiwan.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 52 (3): 522–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.06.006.
Ding, Y., J. S. Zhang, X. B. Chen, X. Wang, and Y. Jia. 2021. “Experimental investigation on static and dynamic characteristics of granulated rubber-sand mixtures as a new railway subgrade filler.” Constr. Build. Mater. 273 (3): 121955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121955.
Ferdous, W., A. Manalo, R. Siddique, P. Mendis, Y. Zhuge, H. S. Wong, W. Lokuge, T. Aravinthan, and P. Schubel. 2021. “Recycling of landfill wastes (tyres, plastics and glass) in construction: A review on global waste generation, performance, application and future opportunities.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 173 (11): 105745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105745.
Ghrieb, A., B. Melik, and A. Smaida. 2021. “Influence of worn tire rubber fibres on the swelling potential and pressure of clay soils.” Mater. Today: Proc. 45 (6): 5225–5230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.723.
Gobinath, R., G. P. Ganapathy, I. I. Akinwumi, S. Kovendiran, S. Hema, and M. Thangaraj. 2016. “Plasticity, strength, permeability and compressibility characteristics of black cotton soil stabilized with precipitated silica.” J. Cent. South Univ. 23 (10): 2688–2694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-016-3330-7.
Han, Z., G. T. Zhao, J. G. Lin, K. W. Fan, and W. L. Zou. 2022. “Influences of temperature and moisture histories on the hydrostructural characteristics of a clay during desiccation.” Eng. Geol. 297 (Feb): 106533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106533.
Hardin, B., and V. Drnevich. 1972. “Shear modulus and damping in soils: Design equations and curves.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 98 (7): 667–692. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001760.
Jing, R. X., F. Zhang, D. C. Feng, X. Y. Liu, and A. Skarpas. 2019. “Dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of compacted silty clay subjected to freeze–thaw cycles.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (10): 04019244. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002893.
Kim, Y., and H. Kang. 2013. “Effects of rubber and bottom ash inclusion on geotechnical characteristics of composite geomaterial.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. 31 (1): 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2012.667867.
Li, B., M. S. Huang, and X. W. Zeng. 2016. “Dynamic behavior and liquefaction analysis of recycled-rubber sand mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (11): 04016122. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001629.
Ling, X. Z., Z. Y. Wang, F. Zhang, Q. L. Lin, Y. Y. Zhao, and J. H. Wang. 2013. “Experimental investigation on dynamic shear modulus of frozen clay from subgrade of Beijing-Harbin Railway.” Chin. J. Geotech. Eng. 35 (2): 39–43.
Ling, X. Z., F. Zhang, Q. L. Li, L. S. An, and J. H. Wang. 2015. “Dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of frozen compacted sand subjected to freeze–thaw cycle under multi-stage cyclic loading.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 76 (Sep): 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.02.007.
Mashiri, S., J. S. Vinod, M. Sheikh, and H. H. Tsang. 2015. “Shear strength and dilatancy behaviour of sand–tyre chip mixtures.” Soils Found. 55 (3): 517–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.04.004.
Qi, J. L., W. Ma, and C. X. Song. 2008. “Influence of freeze–thaw on engineering properties of a silty soil.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 53 (3): 397–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.05.010.
Saberian, M., M. Khotbehsara, S. Jahandari, R. Vali, and J. Li. 2017. “Experimental and phenomenological study of the effects of adding shredded tire chips on geotechnical properties of peat.” Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 12 (4): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2016.1277829.
Seda, J., J. Lee, and J. H. Carraro. 2007. “Beneficial use of waste tire rubber for swelling potential mitigation in expansive soils.” Geotechnical Special Publication (Oct): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1061/40916(235)5.
Shang, S. P., F. C. Liu, Y. X. Du, H. X. Lu, and H. D. Wang. 2006. “Experimental study on effect of shear strain accumulation on dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of clay soil.” Rock Soil Mech. 27 (5): 683–688. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2006.05.001.
Sheikhi, N. S., M. Abbaspour, S. M. Mir Mohammad Hosseini, E. Aflaki, and F. Moghadas Nejad. 2020. “Sustainable reuse of waste tire textile fibers (WTTFs) as reinforcement materials for expansive soils: With a special focus on landfill liners/covers.” J. Cleaner Prod. 247 (Feb): 119151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119151.
Soltani, A., A. Deng, A. Taheri, and M. Mirzababaei. 2018. “Rubber powder−Polymer combined stabilization of South Australian expansive soils.” Geosynth. Int. 25 (3): 304–321. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgein.18.00009.
Soltani, A., A. Deng, A. Taheri, and A. Sridharan. 2019. “Swell–shrink–consolidation behavior of rubber–reinforced expansive soils.” Geotech. Test. J. 42 (3): 761–788. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20170313.
Tabrizi, M. K., S. Abrishami, E. S. Hosseininia, S. Sharifi, and S. Ghorbani. 2019. “Experimental investigation on the behavior of fine-grained soils containing waste rubber tires under repeated and static loading using direct shear apparatus.” Constr. Build. Mater. 223 (Oct): 106–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.159.
Torretta, V., E. Rada, M. Ragazzi, E. Trulli, I. Istrate, and L. I. Cioca. 2015. “Treatment and disposal of tyres: Two EU approaches. A review.” Waste Manage. 45 (Nov): 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.018.
Wang, C., and P. J. Fox. 2020a. “Analytical solutions for heat transfer in saturated soil with effective porosity.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146 (9): 04020095. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002324.
Wang, C., and P. J. Fox. 2020b. “Numerical model for heat transfer in saturated layered soil with effective porosity.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146 (12): 04020135. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002390.
Wang, S. H., J. L. Ding, J. Xu, J. W. Ren, and Y. G. Yang. 2019. “Shear strength behavior of coarse-grained saline coldsoils after freeze-thaw.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 23 (6): 2437–2452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-0197-9.
Zhang, T., G. J. Cai, and W. H. Duan. 2018. “Strength and microstructure characteristics of the recycled rubber tire-sand mixtures as lightweight backfill.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25 (4): 3872–3883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0742-3.
Zou, W. L., L. Q. Ding, Z. Han, and X. Q. Wang. 2020. “Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the moisture sensitivity of a compacted clay.” Eng. Geol. 278 (Dec): 105832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105832.
Zou, W. L., Z. Han, L. Q. Ding, and X. Q. Wang. 2021. “Predicting resilient modulus of compacted subgrade soils under influences of freeze-thaw cycles and moisture using gene expression programming and artificial neural network approaches.” Transp. Geotech. 28 (May): 100520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100520.
Zou, W. L., P. Xie, Q. T. Ma, Y. Yang, and C. Y. Zuo. 2011. “Experiment on characteristics of expansive soil modified with waste tire rubber particles.” Adv. Eng. Sci. 43 (3): 44–48. https://doi.org/10.15961/j.jsuese.2011.03.040.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 10, 2021
Accepted: Jul 22, 2022
Published online: Jan 25, 2023
Published in print: Apr 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jun 25, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.