Performance Characteristics of Concrete Paver Blocks Incorporating Individual and Combined Fractions of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Aggregates under Different Curing Regimes
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 4
Abstract
The present study investigated the performance characteristics of concrete paver block (CPB) mixes with incorporated reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregates under different curing regimes, namely, continuous water curing (WC), air curing (AC1 and AC2), intermittent water and air curing (WAC), water spray curing (WSC) and heat curing (HC). Seven CPB mixes were formulated by volumetrically replacing virgin coarse and fine aggregates partially and in combination with coarse RAP, fine RAP, and combined RAP fractions. For better refinement of agglomerated particles present in the RAP and to achieve a dense microstructure, the block specimens were fabricated using a design methodology that included a staged mixing approach and time-controlled compaction simultaneously with a vibratory hammer and table vibrator. Hardened CPB specimens were tested to assess mechanical (compressive, flexural, and tensile splitting strength) and durability (water absorption, porosity, and carbonation) properties of the concrete. CPBs fabricated from the considered RAP-inclusive concrete mixes manifested great potential to be used for pavement applications having medium to very heavy traffic when cured with the WC, WAC, WSC, and AC2 curing regimes. Curing regimes WAC and WSC, which involved a combination of water and air curing, were found to be the most effective for the RAP CPB mixes, resulting in superior strength properties. The presence of carbonation was detected in all the RAP CPB mixes when exposed to air curing (AC2) for a prolonged period of time.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Data related to the performance characteristics and SEM images that support the findings of the present study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support rendered as a student assistantship by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), government of India, for carrying out this research work.
References
Abdelbary, A., and A. R. Mohamed. 2018. “Investigating abrasion resistance of interlocking blocks incorporating steel slag aggregate.” ACI Mater. J. 115 (1): 47–54.
Abraham, S. M., and G. D. R. N. Ransinchung. 2018. “Strength and permeation characteristics of cement mortar with reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates.” Constr. Build. Mater. 167 (Apr): 700–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.075.
Abraham, S. M., and G. D. R. N. Ransinchung. 2019. “Pore structure characteristics of RAP-inclusive cement mortar and cement concrete using mercury intrusion porosimetry technique.” Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater. 8 (3): 431–453. https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM20180161.
Al-Mufti, R. L., and A. N. Fried. 2017. “Improving the strength properties of recycled asphalt aggregate concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 149 (Sep): 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.056.
Arulrajah, A., M. M. Disfani, S. Horpibulsuk, C. Suksiripattanapong, and N. Prongmanee. 2014. “Physical properties and shear strength responses of recycled construction and demolition materials in unbound pavement base/subbase applications.” Constr. Build. Mater. 58 (May): 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.025.
Asselanis, J. G., P. C. Aitcin, and P. K. Mehta. 1989. “Effect of curing conditions on the compressive strength and elastic modulus of very high-strength concrete.” J. Cem. Concr. Aggregates 11 (1): 80–83. https://doi.org/10.1520/CCA10106J.
ASTM. 2012. Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3)). ASTM D1557-12. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM. 2013. Standard test method for density, absorption, and voids in hardened concrete. ASTM C642-13. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM. 2014a. Standard practice for molding roller-compacted concrete in cylinder molds using a vibrating hammer. ASTM C1435/C1435M-14. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM. 2014b. Standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates. ASTM C136/C136M-14. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM. 2016. Standard specification for solid concrete interlocking paving units. ASTM C936/C936M-16. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM. 2017. Standard test methods for quantitative extraction of asphalt binder from asphalt mixtures. ASTM D2172/D2172M-17. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
Benli, A., M. Karataş, and Y. Bakir. 2017. “An experimental study of different curing regimes on the mechanical properties and sorptivity of self-compacting mortars with fly ash and silica fume.” Constr. Build. Mater. 144 (Jul): 552–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.228.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1997. Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete. IS 383: 1970. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2002a. Methods of test for aggregates for concrete—Mechanical properties. IS 2386 (Part IV): 1963. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2002b. Methods of test for aggregates for concrete—Specific gravity, density, voids, absorption and bulking. IS 2386 (Part III): 1963. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2006. Precast concrete blocks for paving—Specification. IS 15658: 2006. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2013. Ordinary Portland cement, 43 grade—Specification. IS 8112: 2013. New Delhi, India: BIS.
Brand, A. S., and J. R. Roesler. 2015. “Ternary concrete with fractionated reclaimed asphalt pavement.” ACI Mater. J. 112 (1): 155–164.
Brand, A. S., and J. R. Roesler. 2017a. “Bonding in cementitious materials with asphalt-coated particles: Part I—The interfacial transition zone.” Constr. Build. Mater. 130 (Jan): 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.019.
Brand, A. S., and J. R. Roesler. 2017b. “Bonding in cementitious materials with asphalt-coated particles: Part II—Cement-asphalt chemical interactions.” Constr. Build. Mater. 130 (Jan): 182–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.013.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 2003. Concrete paving blocks—Requirements and test methods. BS EN 1338: 2003. London: BSI.
Chan, D., and C. S. Poon. 2006. “Using recycled construction waste as aggregates for paving blocks.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Waste Resour. Manage. 159 (2): 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1680/warm.2006.159.2.83.
Copeland, A. 2011. Reclaimed asphalt pavement in asphalt mixtures: State of the practice. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
Da Silva, F. G., P. Helene, P. Castro-Borges, and J. B. Liborio. 2009. “Sources of variations when comparing concrete carbonation results.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 21 (7): 333–342. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2009)21:7(333).
Debbarma, S., G. Ransinchung, and S. Singh. 2020a. “Improving the properties of RAP-RCCP mixes by incorporating supplementary cementitious materials as part addition of portland cement.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (8): 04020229. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003283.
Debbarma, S., G. D. Ransinchung, and S. Singh. 2019a. “Feasibility of roller compacted concrete pavement containing different fractions of reclaimed asphalt pavement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 199 (Feb): 508–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.047.
Debbarma, S., G. D. Ransinchung, S. Singh, and S. K. Sahdeo. 2020b. “Utilization of industrial and agricultural wastes for productions of sustainable roller compacted concrete pavement mixes containing reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 152 (Jan): 104504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104504.
Debbarma, S., S. Singh, and G. D. Ransinchung. 2019b. “Laboratory investigation on the fresh, mechanical, and durability properties of roller compacted concrete pavement containing reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2673 (10): 652–662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198119849585.
De Lira, R. R., D. D. Cortes, and C. Pasten. 2015. “Reclaimed asphalt binder aging and its implications in the management of RAP stockpiles.” Constr. Build. Mater. 101 (Dec): 611–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.125.
Delwar, M., M. Fahmy, and R. Taha. 1997. “Use of reclaimed asphalt pavement as an aggregate in Portland cement concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 94 (3): 251–256.
Dubey, P., S. Paswan, M. Sukhija, and N. Saboo. 2020. “Assessing the effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement on mechanical properties of dry-lean concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (11): 04020348. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003434.
Erdem, S., and M. A. Blankson. 2014. “Environmental performance and mechanical analysis of concrete containing recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and waste precast concrete as aggregate.” J. Hazard. Mater. 264 (Jan): 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.11.040.
Fakhri, M., and E. Amoosoltani. 2017. “The effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement and crumb rubber on mechanical properties of roller compacted concrete pavement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 137 (Apr): 470–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.136.
Ferrebee, E. C., A. S. Brand, A. S. Kachwalla, J. R. Roesler, D. J. Gancarz, and J. E. Pforr. 2014. “Fracture properties of roller-compacted concrete with virgin and recycled aggregates.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2441 (1): 128–134. https://doi.org/10.3141/2441-17.
Gencel, O., C. Ozel, F. Koksal, E. Erdogmus, G. Martínez-Barrera, and W. Brostow. 2012. “Properties of concrete paving blocks made with waste marble.” J. Cleaner Prod. 21 (1): 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.08.023.
Getahun, M. A., S. M. Shitote, and Z. C. A. Gariy. 2018. “Experimental investigation on engineering properties of concrete incorporating reclaimed asphalt pavement and rice husk ash.” Buildings 8 (9): 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8090115.
Ghafoori, N., and R. Mathis. 1997a. “A comparison of freezing and thawing durability of non-air entrained concrete pavers under ASTM C 67 and ASTM C 666.” ACI Mater. J. 94 (4): 325–331.
Ghafoori, N., and R. Mathis. 1997b. “Sulfate resistance of concrete pavers.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 9 (1): 35–40. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1997)9:1(35).
Gonen, T., and S. Yazicioglu. 2007. “The influence of compaction pores on sorptivity and carbonation of concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (5): 1040–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.02.010.
Hossiney, N., M. Tia, and M. J. Bergin. 2010. “Concrete containing RAP for use in concrete pavement.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 3 (5): 251–258.
Huang, B., X. Shu, and E. G. Burdette. 2006. “Mechanical properties of concrete containing recycled asphalt pavements.” Mag. Concr. Res. 58 (5): 313–320. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2006.58.5.313.
Huang, B., X. Shu, and G. Li. 2005. “Laboratory investigation of Portland cement concrete containing recycled asphalt pavements.” Cem. Concr. Res. 35 (10): 2008–2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.05.002.
IRC (Indian Roads Congress). 2018. Guidelines for the use of interlocking concrete block pavement. IRC SP 63: 2018. New Delhi, India: IRC.
Kjellsen, K. O. 1996. “Heat curing and post-heat curing regimes of high-performance concrete: Influence on microstructure and CSH composition.” Cem. Concr. Res. 26 (2): 295–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00202-2.
Knapton, J., and S. D. Barber. 1980. “UK research into concrete block pavement design.” In Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Concrete Block Paving, 33–37. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Univ. of New Castle-Upon-Tyne.
Memon, N. A., S. R. Sumadi, and M. Ramli. 2007. “Performance of high wokability slag-cement mortar for ferrocement.” Build. Environ. 42 (7): 2710–2717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.07.015.
Modarres, A., and Z. Hosseini. 2014. “Mechanical properties of roller compacted concrete containing rice husk ash with original and recycled asphalt pavement material.” Mater. Des. 64 (Dec): 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.07.072.
MoRTH (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways). 2013. Specifications for road and bridge works. New Delhi, India: Indian Roads Congress.
Murat Algin, H. 2007. “Interlock mechanism of concrete block pavements.” J. Transp. Eng. 133 (5): 318–326. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2007)133:5(318).
NTC (Colombian Technical Standard). 2004. Concrete paving blocks. NTC 2017: 2004. Bogotá, Columbia: Colombian Institute for Technical Standards and Certification.
Papakonstantinou, C. G. 2018. “Resonant column testing on Portland cement concrete containing recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregates.” Constr. Build. Mater. 173 (Jun): 419–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.256.
Penteado, C. S. G., E. V. de Carvalho, and R. C. C. Lintz. 2016. “Reusing ceramic tile polishing waste in paving block manufacturing.” J. Cleaner Prod. 112 (Jan): 514–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.142.
Poon, C. S., and D. Chan. 2007. “Effects of contaminants on the properties of concrete paving blocks prepared with recycled concrete aggregates.” Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (1): 164–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.031.
Purwanto, P., and Y. A. Priastiwi. 2008. “Testing of concrete paving blocks—the BS EN 1338: 2003 British and European standard code.” Teknik 29 (2): 80–84.
RILEM. 1988. “Measurement of hardened concrete carbonation depth Recommendations CPC-18.” Mater. Struct. 21 (126): 453–455.
Saboo, N., A. N. Prasad, M. Sukhija, M. Chaudhary, and A. K. Chandrappa. 2020. “Effect of the use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregates on the performance of pervious paver blocks (PPB).” Constr. Build. Mater. 262 (Nov): 120581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120581.
Sahdeo, S. K., G. Ransinchung, K. L. Rahul, and S. Debbarma. 2021. “Reclaimed asphalt pavement as a substitution to natural coarse aggregate for the production of sustainable pervious concrete pavement mixes.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 33 (2): 04020469. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003555.
Said, S. E. E. B., S. E. E. Khay, and A. Loulizi. 2018. “Experimental investigation of PCC incorporating RAP.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 12 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-018-0227-x.
Sajedi, F., and H. A. Razak. 2011. “Effects of curing regimes and cement fineness on the compressive strength of ordinary Portland cement mortars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (4): 2036–2045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.043.
Sajedi, F., H. A. Razak, H. B. Mahmud, and P. Shafigh. 2012. “Relationships between compressive strength of cement–slag mortars under air and water curing regimes.” Constr. Build. Mater. 31 (Jun): 188–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.056.
Settari, C., F. Debieb, E. H. Kadri, and O. Boukendakdji. 2015. “Assessing the effects of recycled asphalt pavement materials on the performance of roller compacted concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 101 (Dec): 617–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.039.
Shackel, B. 1980. “The design of interlocking concrete block pavements for road traffic.” In Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Concrete Block Paving, 23–32. New Castle-Upon-Tyne, UK: Univ. of New Castle-Upon-Tyne.
Shackel, B. 1991. Design and construction of interlocking concrete block pavements. Essex, UK: Elsevier Applied Science.
Shi, X., Z. Grasley, J. Hogancamp, L. Brescia-Norambuena, A. Mukhopadhyay, and D. Zollinger. 2020. “Microstructural, mechanical, and shrinkage characteristics of cement mortar containing fine reclaimed asphalt pavement.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (4): 04020050. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003110.
Shi, X., A. Mukhopadhyay, and K. W. Liu. 2017. “Mix design formulation and evaluation of portland cement concrete paving mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 152 (Oct): 756–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.174.
Shi, X., A. Mukhopadhyay, and D. Zollinger. 2018. “Sustainability assessment for Portland cement concrete pavement containing reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates.” J. Cleaner Prod. 192 (Aug): 569–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.004.
Singh, S., G. D. Ransinchung, and P. Kumar. 2017. “An economical processing technique to improve RAP inclusive concrete properties.” Constr. Build. Mater. 148 (Sep): 734–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.030.
Singh, S., and G. D. R. N. Ransinchung. 2018. “Durability properties of pavement quality concrete containing fine RAP.” Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater. 7 (1): 271–290. https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM20180012.
Singh, S., G. D. R. N. Ransinchung, S. Debbarma, and P. Kumar. 2018a. “Utilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates containing waste from Sugarcane Mill for production of concrete mixes.” J. Cleaner Prod. 174 (Feb): 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.179.
Singh, S., G. D. R. N. Ransinchung, and P. Kumar. 2018b. “Laboratory investigation of concrete pavements containing fine RAP aggregates.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (2): 04017279. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002124.
Singh, S., G. D. R. N. Ransinchung, and P. Kumar. 2018c. “Performance evaluation of RAP concrete in aggressive environment.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (10): 04018231. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002316.
Singh, S., G. D. R. N. Ransinchung, and P. Kumar. 2019. “Feasibility study of RAP aggregates in cement concrete pavements.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 20 (1): 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1380071.
Singh, S., G. D. R. N. Ransinchung, K. Monu, and P. Kumar. 2018d. “Laboratory investigation of RAP aggregates for dry lean concrete mixes.” Constr. Build. Mater. 166 (Mar): 808–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.131.
Tan, K., and O. E. Gjorv. 1996. “Performance of concrete under different curing conditions.” Cem. Concr. Res. 26 (3): 355–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(96)85023-X.
Van der Vlist, A. A. 1980. “The development of concrete paving blocks in the Netherlands.” In Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Concrete Block Paving, 14–22. New Castle-Upon-Tyne, UK: Univ. of New Castle-Upon-Tyne.
Yu, X., M. Zaumanis, S. dos Santos, and L. D. Poulikakos. 2014. “Rheological, microscopic, and chemical characterization of the rejuvenating effect on asphalt binders.” Fuel 135 (Nov): 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.06.038.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 35 • Issue 4 • April 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 5, 2022
Accepted: Jul 13, 2022
Published online: Jan 23, 2023
Published in print: Apr 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jun 23, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Zhe Lu, Zhen-gang Feng, Xiaolai Jiao, Fengjie Cai, Jinxing Shu, Xinjun Li, Composition Migration and Grading Rules of Agglomerate in Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-17525, 36, 5, (2024).