Optimization of SFCC as Mineral Filler in Asphalt–Concrete Mixture Using Combined Methods of Taguchi and PCA
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 7
Abstract
Spent fluid catalytic cracking (SFCC) is an industrial waste from oil refineries that is increasing nonstop in Vietnam and many places globally, and needs to be recycled. However, SFCC has various compositions depending on the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) types and additives in the petroleum-refining industry. Thus, an experimental optimization procedure is needed to find the optimum addition of SFCC as a filler powder for asphalt–concrete mixtures. For this requirement, the study objective was an optimization procedure based on Taguchi parameter design employing an parameter. , developed using a robust multivariate statistical method called principal component analysis (PCA), is a representative parameter of required performance quality proposed by the Marshall mixture design. The Marshall mixture design was used to verify the asphalt–concrete mixture in which SFCC filler partly replaced traditional limestone (LS) filler. The effect of LS filler rate on mixture characteristics was used to determine the required range of values of . Also, Marshall characteristics based on various SFCC filler rates verified the optimum methodology result. The confirmation experiment results showed that the approach could find an optimum case with advantages in reducing asphalt binder content in the mixture and the number of specimens in the laboratory. Furthermore, the experimental results indicated that SFCC filler could enhance the Marshall characteristics of an asphalt–concrete mixture.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This work is funded by the Ministry of Education and Training and hosted by Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Vietnam.
References
Abedali, A. H. 2014. MS-2 asphalt mix design methods. Lexington, KY: Asphalt Institute.
AlKofahi, N., and T. Khedaywi. 2019. “Evaluation of the effect of asphalt film thickness on stripping resistance.” Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 14 (2): 560–570.
Alonso-Fariñas, B., M. Rodríguez-Galán, C. Arenas, F. A. Torralvo, and C. Leiva. 2020. “Sustainable management of spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst from a circular economy approach.” Waste Manage. 110 (Jun): 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.046.
Alotibi, M. F., B. A. Alshammari, M. H. Alotaibi, F. M. Alotaibi, S. Alshihri, R. Navarro, and J. Fierro. 2020. “ZSM-5 zeolite based additive in FCC process: A review on modifications for improving propylene production.” Catal. Surv. Asia 24 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10563-019-09285-1.
Alshamsi, K., M. Baawain, K. Aljabri, R. Taha, and Z. Al-kamyani. 2012. “Utilizing waste spent catalyst in asphalt mixtures.” Procedia-Social Behav. Sci. 53 (Oct): 326–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.884.
Andrei, I., and C. I. Koncsag. 2014. “Experimental study for the design of asphalt mixtures by recovering FCC spent catalysts.” Rom. Chem. Eng. Soc. Bull. 1: 104–112.
Antony, J. 2000. “Multi-response optimization in industrial experiments using Taguchi’s quality loss function and principal component analysis.” Qual. Reliab. Eng. Int. 16 (1): 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1638(200001/02)16:1%3C3::AID-QRE276%3E3.0.CO;2-W.
Antony, J., R. B. Anand, M. Kumar, and M. K. Tiwari. 2006. “Multiple response optimization using Taguchi methodology and neuro-fuzzy based model.” J. Manuf. Technol. Manage. 17 (7): 908–925.
Antony, J., and M. Kaye. 2000. “Analysis and interpretation of data from Taguchi experiments.” In Experimental quality, 151–193. Boston: Springer.
ASTM. 1995. Standard test method for materials finer than 75-μm (No. 200) sieve in mineral aggregates by washing. ASTM C117-95. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2000. Standard specification for mineral filler for asphalt mixtures. ASTM D242. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015. Standard test method for Marshall stability and flow of asphalt mixtures. ASTM D6927-15. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Boukhatem, B., S. Kenai, A. Hamou, D. Ziou, and M. Ghrici. 2012. “Predicting concrete properties using neural networks (NN) with principal component analysis (PCA) technique.” Comput. Concr. 10 (6): 557–573. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2012.10.6.557.
Cham, N. T., N. M. Ha, and T. Q. Minh. 2013. “Study on the possibility of using spent RFCC catalysts from Dung Quat Refinery as an admixture for cement.” Petrovietnam J. 11: 43–50.
Chen, Y., S. Xu, G. Tebaldi, and E. Romeo. 2020. “Role of mineral filler in asphalt mixture.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2020.1826351.
Egeblad, K., C. H. Christensen, M. Kustova, and C. H. Christensen. 2008. “Templating mesoporous zeolites.” Chem. Mater. 20 (3): 946–960. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm702224p.
ITST (Institute of Transport Science and Technology). 2011. Standard practice for asphalt concrete mix design using Marshall method. Hanoi, Vietnam: ITST.
Izquierdo, S., E. D. Rodríguez, and R. M. de Gutiérrez. 2015. “Resistance to acid corrosion of blended cement mortars with spent fluid catalytic cracking (SFCC) catalyst.” Revista Ingeniería de Construcción 30 (3): 169–176. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50732015000300002.
Kandhal, P. S., R. B. Mallick, and E. R. Brown. 1998. Hot mix asphalt for intersections in hot climates. Auburn, AL: National Center for Asphalt Technology.
Katla, B., W. A. Ravindra, S. K. Kota, and S. Raju. 2021. “RAP-added SMA mixtures: How do they fare?” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 33 (8): 04021199. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003807.
Le, A. T., M. T. Nguyen, and V. P. Le. 2021. “The effect of spent fluid catalytic cracking filler on performance testing of asphalt concrete mixture.” In Advances in materials science and engineering 2021. London: Hindawi.
Le, A. T., and M. T. Nguyen. 2020. “Determining the percentage of recovering FCC spent catalysts as mineral filler in the asphaltic concrete mixture.” In Proc., 2020 5th Int. Conf. on Green Technology and Sustainable Development (GTSD). New York: IEEE.
Manjunath, K., and P. D. NB. 2014. “Design of hot mix asphalt using Bailey method of gradation.” Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. 3 (6): 386–393. https://doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0306072.
MOST (Ministry of Science and Technology). 2003. Cement—Test method for determination of fineness. Hanoi, Vietnam: MOST.
MOST (Ministry of Science and Technology). 2005. Bitumen—Specifications. Hanoi, Vietnam: MOST.
Muniandy, R., E. Aburkaba, and R. Taha. 2013. “Effect of mineral filler type and particle size on the engineering properties of stone mastic asphalt pavements.” J. Eng. Res. 10 (2): 13–32. https://doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol10iss2pp13-32.
Nguyen, L. P., H. T. Nguyen, V. T. Tran, T. P. Ngo, and H. L. Nguyen. 2018. “Influence of metal content in crude oil on the properties and performances of FCC catalyst and measures to maintain the FCC unit’s stability.” Petrovietnam J. 2: 44–53.
Nguyen, M. T., and A. T. Le. 2018. Performance of hot mix asphalt concrete when using electric-arc furnace slag as natural coarse aggregate.” In Proc., 2018 4th Int. Conf. on Green Technology and Sustainable Development (GTSD). New York: IEEE.
Praticò, F., R. Vaiana, and M. Giunta. 2013. “Pavement sustainability: Permeable wearing courses by recycling porous European mixes.” J. Archit. Eng. 19 (3): 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000127.
Refinery, D. 2008. Operating manual unit RFCC Vietnam Oil and Gas Corporation. Houston: Technip FMC.
Sargın, Ş., M. Saltan, N. Morova, S. Serin, and S. Terzi. 2013. “Evaluation of rice husk ash as filler in hot mix asphalt concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 48 (Nov): 390–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.029.
Smalheiser, N. 2017. Data literacy: How to make your experiments robust and reproducible. Amsterdam: Academic Press.
Szostak, R. 1998. Molecular sieves. London: Blackie Academic & Professional.
Vavrik, W. R., W. J. Pine, and S. H. Carpenter. 2002. “Aggregate blending for asphalt mix design: Bailey method.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1789 (1): 146–153. https://doi.org/10.3141/1789-16.
Vogt, E., and B. Weckhuysen. 2015. “Fluid catalytic cracking: Recent developments on the grand old lady of zeolite catalysis.” Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 (20): 7342–7370. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CS00376H.
Vu, X. H., T. P. Ngo, T. S. Nguyen, T. T. Dang, D. H. Vu, D. M. Dinh, and H. A. Dang. 2020. “Influence of feedstock characteristics on the enhanced production of propylene by ZSM-5 additives in the fluid catalytic cracking process.” Vietnam J. Sci. Technol. Eng. 62 (8): 39–42.
Yazdani, M., A. Daryabari, A. Farshi, and S. Talatahari. 2013. “Application of Taguchi method and genetic algorithm for calibration of soil constitutive models.” J. Appl. Math. 2013: 1–11.
Zulkati, A., W. Y. Diew, and D. S. Delai. 2012. “Effects of fillers on properties of asphalt-concrete mixture.” J. Transp. Eng. 138 (7): 902–910. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000395.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 29, 2021
Accepted: Nov 8, 2021
Published online: Apr 28, 2022
Published in print: Jul 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Sep 28, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Ponalagappan Chokkalingam, Hilal El-Hassan, Amr El-Dieb, Abdulkader El-Mir, Multi-response optimization of ceramic waste geopolymer concrete using BWM and TOPSIS-based taguchi methods, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.11.089, 21, (4824-4845), (2022).