Effect of Dry-Wet Cycles on BFRP Bars and Modified Ceramsite Concrete in Marine Environments
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 7
Abstract
This study investigates the bonding behavior of modified ceramsite concrete (MLC) and basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars exposed to dry-wet (D-W) cycles of simulated seawater using pull-out tests. Two types of concrete strengths—MLC25 and MLC35—were examined under different environmental exposure periods (0, 10, 30, and 50 cycles) using a total of 54 specimens. Compared with the specimens that were only immersed in artificial seawater (ASW, without D-W cycles), the D-W cycles had no significant effect on the failure mode, which remained as pull-out and splitting failures. However, the ultimate bond strength and slippage varied significantly, and the ultimate bond strength decayed between 5% and 35%, while the slippage increased from approximately 4% to 60%. The bond strength of LC35 decreased by 33.65%, and the slippage increased significantly (by 55%) after 50 D-W cycles (using one-time concentrated ASW). Moreover, the mechanical properties under this unconditional environment showed that the splitting tensile strength decreased by 3.67% and the compressive strength decreased by 5.47%.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
References
Altalmas, A., A. El Refai, and F. Abed. 2015. “Bond degradation of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars exposed to accelerated aging conditions.” Constr. Build. Mater. 81 (81): 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.036.
Cai, Z. Y., Z. X. Wang, X. Y. Li, and Y. X. Li. 1987. Application of mathematical statistics in concrete test. Beijing: China Railway Publishing House.
Cao, F. B., R. P. Yin, and C. X. Wang. 2017. “Beam-type experimental study on bond-slip behavior between recycled concrete and steel bar after freeze-thaw damage.” J. Archit. Struct. 38 (4): 141–148. https://doi.org/10.14006/j.jzjgxb.2017.04.015.
Chen, F., J. M. Gao, B. Qi, D. M. Shen, and L. Y. Li. 2017. “Degradation progress of concrete subject to combined sulfate-chloride attack under drying-wetting cycles and flexural loading.” Constr. Build. Mater. 151 (151): 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.074.
Chen, Y., J. F. Davalos, I. Ray, and H. Y. Kim. 2007. “Accelerated aging tests for evaluations of durability performance of FRP reinforcing bars for concrete structures.” Compos. Struct. 78 (1): 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.08.015.
Frigione, M., M. A. Aiello, and C. Naddeo. 2006. “Water effects on the bond strength of concrete/concrete adhesive joints.” Constr. Build. Mater. 20 (10): 957–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.015.
Gao, J. M., Z. X. Yu, L. G. Song, T. X. Wang, and S. Wei. 2013. “Durability of concrete exposed to sulfate attack under flexural loading and drying wetting cycles.” Constr. Build. Mater. 39 (Feb): 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.05.033.
Gong, J. Z., S. T. Yang, and Y. Liu. 2018. “Experimental study on bond performance of NSM CFRP bars with concrete under chloride solution wet-dry cycling environment.” Fiber Reinf. Plast. Compos. 4: 11–14.
Han, X. Q., S. L. Zhan, Q. Xu, X. D. Tang, L. B. Wang, and K. L. Qian. 2020. “Effect of dry-wet cycling on resistance of concrete to chloride ion permeation erosion.” Acta Materiae Compositae Sin. 37 (1): 198–204. https://doi.org/10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20190402.005.
Hao, Q. D., Y. L. Wang, and J. P. Ou. 2008. “Experimental investigation on bond strength between GFRP rebars and concrete under pullout conditions.” J. Archit. Struct. 1: 103–111. https://doi.org/10.14006/j.jzjgxb.2008.01.015.
Hassanpour, M., P. Shafigh, and H. B. Mahmud. 2012. “Lightweight aggregate concrete fiber reinforcement-A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 37 (Dec): 452–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.071.
He, R., S. N. Zheng, G. J. L. Vincent, Z. D. Wang, and J. H. Fang. 2020. “Damage mechanism and interfacial transition zone characteristics of concrete under sulfate erosion and dry-wet cycles.” Constr. Build. Mater. 255 (Sep): 119340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119340.
He, Z. J., Y. Chen, Y. N. Ma, X. J. Zhang, Y. X. Jin, and J. Song. 2021. “The study on bond-slip constitutive model of steel-fiber high-strength recycled concrete.” Structures 34 (Dec): 2134–2150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.08.103.
Institute of building structure and Chinese Academy of Building Sciences. 1981. Research and application of lightweight aggregate concrete. Leeds, UK: China Architecture & Building Press.
Jia, J. P., X. Q. He, and Y. J. Jin. 2015. Statistics. Beijing: China Renmin University Press.
Kamran, A., J. Mehdi, and D. Norbert. 2016. “Advancing concrete strength prediction using non-destructive testing: Development and verification of a generalizable model.” Constr. Build. Mater. 102 (1): 762–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.131.
Karbhari, V. M., and L. Zhao. 1997. “Issues related to composite plating and environmental exposure effects on composite-concrete interface in external strengthening.” Compos. Struct. 40 (3): 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8223(98)00031-2.
Kim, S. W., and H. D. Yun. 2013. “Influence of recycled coarse aggregates on the bond behavior of deformed bars in concrete.” Eng. Struct. 48 (Mar): 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.10.009.
Lei, X., R. Wang, H. W. Jiang, F. X. Xie, and Y. N. Bao. 2020. “Effect of internal curing with superabsorbent polymers on bond behavior of high-strength concrete.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2020: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6651452.
Liu, Z. Q., D. S. Geert, D. H. Deng, and Z. W. Yu. 2010. “ Micro-analysis of the role of interfacial transition zone in salt weathering on concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (11): 2052–2059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.053.
Lu, Z. Y., L. Z. Su, J. W. Lai, J. H. Xie, and B. Yuan. 2021. “Bond durability of BFRP bars embedded in concrete with fly ash in aggressive environments.” Compos. Struct. 271 (Sep): 114121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114121.
Lu, Z. Y., L. Z. Su, G. J. Xian, B. H. Lu, and J. H. Xie. 2020. “Durability study of concrete-covered basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars in marine environment.” Compos. Struct. 234 (Feb): 111650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111650.
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People’s Republic of China. 2012. Standard for test method of concrete structures. GB/T 50152-2012. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People’s Republic of China. 2013. Class frbre reinforced plastics rebar for civil engineering. JG/T406-2013. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People’s Republic of China. 2019. Standard for test methods of concrete physical and mechanical properties. GB/T 50081-2019. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
Nazari, A., and S. Riahi. 2011. “The effects of nanoparticles on physical and mechanical properties of high strength compacting concrete.” Composites, Part B 42 (3): 570–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2010.09.025.
Nehdi, M. L., A. R. Suleiman, and A. M. Soliman. 2014. “Investigation of concrete exposed to dual sulfate attack.” Cem. Concr. Res. 64 (Oct): 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.06.002.
Revilla-Cuesta, V., M. Skaf, A. B. Espinosa, A. Santamaría, and V. OrtegaLópez. 2020. “Statistical approach for the design of structural self-compacting concrete with fine recycled concrete aggregate.” Mathematics 8 (12): 2190. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8122190.
Revilla-Cuesta, V., M. Skaf, A. Santamaría, J. J. Hernández-Bagaces, and V. Ortega-López. 2021. “Temporal flowability evolution of slag-based self-compacting concrete with recycled concrete aggregate.” J. Cleaner Prod. 299 (May): 126890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126890.
Sadati, S., M. Arezoumandi, and M. Shekarchi. 2015. “Long-term performance of concrete surface coatings in soil exposure of marine environments.” Constr. Build. Mater. 94 (Sep): 656–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.094.
Sim, J., C. Park, and D. Y. Moon. 2005. “Characteristics of basalt fiber as a strengthening material for concrete structures.” Composites, Part B 36 (6–7): 504–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2005.02.002.
Tan, N., D. Nie, and P. F. Li. 2020. “Research on the effect of alkali-silica reaction on bond behavior of reinforced concrete and corrected computing model.” [In Chinese.] Water Resour. Power 38 (11): 108–112.
Tu, J. S., M. Zhou, Y. Z. Liu, and Y. F. Chen. 2019. “Bond behavior of reinforcing steel bars in thermal insulation concrete exposed to freeze-thaw cycles.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2019 (Mar): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7374964.
Val, D. V., and M. G. Stewart. 2003. “Life-cycle cost analysis of reinforced concrete structures in marine environments.” Struct. Saf. 25 (4): 343–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4730(03)00014-6.
Vargas, P., O. Restrepo-Baena, and J. I. Tobón. 2017. “Microstructural analysis of interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and its impact on the compressive strength of lightweight concretes.” Constr. Build. Mater. 137 (Apr): 381–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.101.
Velay-Lizancos, M., I. Martinez-Lage, M. Azenha, and P. Vazquez-Burgo. 2016. “Influence of temperature in the evolution of compressive strength and in its correlations with UPV in eco-concretes with recycled materials.” Constr. Build. Mater. 124 (Oct): 276–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.104.
Wang, Y. L., X. Y. Guo, S. Y. H. Shu, Y. C. Guo, and X. M. Qin. 2020. “Effect of salt solution wet-dry cycling on the bond behavior of FRP-concrete interface.” Constr. Build. Mater. 254 (Sep): 119317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119317.
Wei, W., F. Liu, Z. Xiong, Z. Y. Lu, and L. J. Li. 2019. “Bond performance between fibre-reinforced polymer bars and concrete under pull-out tests.” Constr. Build. Mater. 227 (Dec): 116803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116803.
Xiao, J. Z., Q. X. Liao, Q. T. Zhang, C. B. Qiang, and X. Liu. 2018. “ Bond behavior between seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer bars.” [In Chinese.] J. Tongji Univ. 46 (7): 884–890.
Xu, J. J., S. T. Yang, and Z. N. Liu. 2019. “Study on the bond performance between CFRP bars and alkali-activated slag seawater and sea sand concrete.” [In Chinese.] Eng. Mech. 36 (Jun): 175–183.
Xu, Y. L., L. X. Liu, P. W. Guan, D. G. Zeng. 1999. “Anchorage properties and design proposals for epoxy resin coated steel bars.” [In Chinese.] Port Waterway Eng. 8: 33–37.
Xue, W. C. 2003. “Study on influence of different test methods on bond strength of GFRP rebars.” [In Chinese.] Fiber Reinf. Plast. Compos. 5: 10–13.
Zhang, H. X., T. Z. Zhu, and Y. Huang. 2021. “Experimental study on interface bond behavior of concrete strengthened with NSM FRP bars under salt corrosion environment.” J. Build. Struct. 42 (A1): 433–441. https://doi.org/10.14006/j.jzjgxb.2021.S1.0049.
Zhao, J., X. P. Li, and X. C. Zhang. 2021. “Experimental and theoretical research on bond performance between CFRP bar and concrete under monotonic and reversed cyclic loading.” Eng. Struct. 246 (Nov): 112994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112994.
Zhu, F. Z., Z. M. Ma, L. J. Jiang, and G. Zuo. 2016. “Study of influence of sustained load and freeze-thaw cycling on the bond behavior of steel reinforced concrete.” J. Xi’an Univ. Archit. Technol. 48 (5): 643–647. https://doi.org/10.15986/j.1006-7930.2016.05.005.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 16, 2021
Accepted: Nov 1, 2021
Published online: Apr 21, 2022
Published in print: Jul 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Sep 21, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Qingyu Yi, Hai Pu, Axel Preuße, Zhengfu Bian, Jiangyu Wu, Effect of dry-wet cycles on dynamic mechanic and microstructure of cemented broken mudstone, Construction and Building Materials, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129347, 357, (129347), (2022).
- Shuyan Yang, Min Han, Xiaolong Chen, Junjie Song, Jiansen Yang, Influence of sulfate crystallization on bond-slip behavior between deformed rebar and concrete subjected to combined actions of dry-wet cycle and freeze-thaw cycle, Construction and Building Materials, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128368, 345, (128368), (2022).