Experimental Study on the Influence of Size Effects on Compressive Dynamic Behavior of Lightweight Concrete
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 1
Abstract
To study the impact of the strain rate effect and size effect on the compressive dynamic behavior of lightweight concrete (LC), 3 cube sizes and 10 strain rates were set up, and uniaxial compression tests were conducted utilizing a servohydraulic compression-testing machine. The failure modes and compressive strength of LC under varying load cases were obtained via testing. Following an examination of the change law of strain rate effect and size effect on failure modes and compressive strength and a discussion of the relevant literature on normal-weight concrete for comparison and assessment, the primary conclusions obtained are as follows: under a strain rate effect, failure modes of LC develop from vertical cracks with an even distribution at a low strain rate to oblique cracks dominant at a high strain rate, which resembles that of normal-weight concrete. It is found that as the strain rate rises, the compressive strength of LC gradually increases while the percentage increase in the compressive strength gradually decreases withthe rise of cube sizes affected by the strain rate. The compressive strength of LC at three varying cube sizes (70, 100, and 150 mm) is increased by 53.70%, 44.71%, and 33.76%, respectively. The compressive strength of LC gradually decreases as the cube size increases. The higher the strain rate, the greater the percentage decrease of the compressive strength of LC due to size effects. The percentage decrease in the compressive strength of LC at different strain rates is between 18.24% and 28.85% under the size effect. The influence of the strain rate effect and size effect on the compressive strength of LC is more obvious than on the compressive strength of normal-weight concrete. In this study, the coupling effects of strain rate and size on the compressive strength of LC were examined from a quantitative perspective. The findings of the study have important implications for project applications and model tests of LC.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province under Grant No. KYCX_170132. The authors are very grateful for the support of these funds and convey their appreciation to the organizations for supporting this basic study.
References
Batdorf, S. B. 1978. “New light on Weibull theory.” Nucl. Eng. Des. 47 (2): 267–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(78)90069-9.
Bate, S. 1979. “Guide for structural lightweight aggregate concrete: Report of ACI committee 213.” Int. J. Cem. Compos. Lightweight Concr. 1 (1): 5–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0262-5075(79)90004-6.
Bazant, Z. P. 2000. “Size effect.” Int. J. Solids Struct. 37 (4): 69–80.
Bin, S., and Z. Li. 2016. “Multi-scale modeling and trans-level simulation from material meso-damage to structural failure of reinforced concrete frame structures under seismic loading.” J. Comput. Sci. 12 (Jan): 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2015.11.003.
Brara, A., and J. R. Klepaczko. 2006. “Experimental characterization of concrete in dynamic tension.” Mech. Mater. 38 (3): 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2005.06.004.
Cao, Q., W. Sun, T. Hao, and B. Su. 2013. “Size effect on flexural strength of various concrete.” [In Chinese.] J. Beijing Univ. Technol. 39 (9): 1311–1315.
Chen, X., J. Bu, and L. Xu. 2017. “Experimental study on cyclic tensile behavior of concrete under high stress level.” ACI Mater. J. 114 (5): 775–781. https://doi.org/10.14359/51700796.
China National Standards. 2002. Technical specification for lightweight aggregate concrete. JGJ51-2002. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
Cui, J., H. Hao, and Y. Shi. 2017a. “Discussion on the suitability of concrete constitutive models for high-rate response predictions of RC structures.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 106 (Aug): 202–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.04.003.
Cui, J., H. Hao, Y. Shi, X. Li, and K. Du. 2017b. “Experimental study of concrete damage under high hydrostatic pressure.” Cem. Concr. Res. 100 (Oct): 140–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.06.005.
Cusatis, G. 2011. “Strain-rate effects on concrete behavior.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 38 (4): 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2010.10.030.
Domagała, L. 2020. “Size effect in compressive strength tests of cored specimens of lightweight aggregate concrete.” Materials (Basel) 13 (5): 1187. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051187.
Du, X., L. Jin, and D. Li. 2017a. “A state-of-the-art review on the size effect of concretes and concrete structures (I): Concrete materials.” [In Chinese.] China Civ. Eng. J. 50 (9): 28–45.
Du, X., L. Jin, and D. Li. 2017b. “A state-of-the-art review on the size effect of concretes and concrete structures (II): RC members.” [In Chinese.] China Civ. Eng. J. 50 (11): 28–44.
Elfahal, M. M., and T. Krauthammer. 2005. “Dynamic size effect in normal- and high-strength concrete cylinders.” ACI Mater. J. 102 (2): 77–85.
Indriyantho, B. R., I. Zreid, and M. Kaliske. 2019. “Finite strain extension of a gradient enhanced microplane damage model for concrete at static and dynamic loading.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 216 (July): 106501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.106501.
Krauthammer, T., M. M. Elfahal, J. Lim, T. Ohno, M. Beppu, and G. Markeset. 2003. “Size effect for high-strength concrete cylinders subjected to axial impact.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 28 (9): 1001–1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-743X(02)00166-5.
Li, F., G. Chen, and H. Long. 2020. “An experimental study examining the size effect on the compressive dynamic performance of nuclear power containment concrete.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2020 (6): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7582862.
Li, F., Z. Yu, and Y. Hu. 2019. “Experimental study on dynamic performance of self-compacting lightweight aggregate concrete under compression.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2019: 5384601. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5384601.
Li, J., J. Y. Wu, and J. B. Chen. 2004. Stochastic damage mechanics of concrete structures. [In Chinese.] Beijing: Science Press.
Li, M., H. Hao, Y. Shi, and Y. Hao. 2018. “Specimen shape and size effects on the concrete compressive strength under static and dynamic test.” Constr. Build. Mater. 161 (Feb): 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.069.
Liu, J., Y. Wenxuan, D. U. Xiuli, S. Zhang, and L. I. Dong. 2019. “Meso-scale modelling of the size effect on dynamic compressive failure of concrete under different strain rates.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 125 (Mar): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2018.10.011.
Liu, M. Y. J., U. J. Alengaram, M. Z. Jumaat, and K. H. Mo. 2014. “Evaluation of thermal conductivity, mechanical and transport properties of lightweight aggregate foamed geopolymer concrete.” Energy Build. 72 (Apr): 238–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.12.029.
Long, Y., and Z. Li. 2010. “A compressive damage model of concrete based on energy dissipation mechanism.” [In Chinese.] Supplement, Eng. Mech. 27 (S2): 117–177.
Neville, A. M. 1956. “The influence of size of concrete test cubes on mean strength and standard deviation.” Mag. Concr. Res. 8 (23): 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1956.8.23.101.
Othman, H., and H. Marzouk. 2017. “Dynamic identification of damage control characteristics of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concret.” Constr. Build. Mater. 157 (Dec): 899–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.169.
Ren, Y., Z. Yu, Q. Huang, and Z. Ren. 2018. “Constitutive model and failure criterions for lightweight aggregate concrete: A true triaxial experimental test.” Constr. Build. Mater. 171 (May): 759–769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.219.
Ross, C. A. 1996. “Moisture and strain rate effects on concrete strength.” ACI Mater. J. 93 (3): 293–300.
Ross, C. A., J. W. Tedesco, and S. T. Kuennen. 1995. “Effects of strain rate on concrete strength.” ACI Mater. J. 92 (1): 37–47.
Sabins, G. M., and S. M. Mirza. 1979. “Size effects in model concretes.” J. Struct. Div. 105 (6): 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0005160.
SAC (Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China). 2010. Lightweight aggregates and its test methods. Part 1: Lightweight aggregates. GB/T 17431.1-2010. Beijing: SAC.
Shang, S., and Y. Song. 2013. “Dynamic biaxial tensile–compressive strength and failure criterion of plain concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 40 (Mar): 322–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.012.
Shi, L., L. Wang, Y. Song, and L. Shen. 2014. “Dynamic multiaxial strength and failure criterion of dam concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 66 (Sep): 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.076.
Sim, J.-I., K.-H. Yang, H.-Y. Kim, and B.-J. Choi. 2013. “Size and shape effects on compressive strength of lightweight concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 38 (2): 854–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.073.
Su, J., and Z. Fang. 2013. “Scale effect on cubic compressive strength of ordinary concrete and high-strength concre.” [In Chinese.] J. Build. Mater. 16 (6): 1078–1081.
Su, J., J. Ye, Z. Fang, and M. H. Zhao. 2015. “Size effect on cubic and prismatic compressive strength of cement past.” J. Cent. South Univ. 22 (10): 4090–4096. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-015-2954-3.
Sun, X., and X. Xie. 2018. “Compression dynamic performance of ordinary concrete and lightweight aggregate concrete.” [In Chinese.] J. Build. Mater. 21 (3): 376–381.
Takeda, J., and H. Tachikawa. 1962. “The mechanical properties of several kinds of concrete at compressive, tensile, and flexural tests in high rates of loading.” Trans. Archit. Inst. Jpn. 77: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijsaxx.77.0_1.
Turgut, C., L. Jason, and L. Davenne. 2020. “Structural-scale modeling of the active confinement effect in the steel-concrete bond for reinforced concrete structures.” Finite Elem. Anal. Des. 172 (Feb): 103386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2020.103386.
UNE-EN (Spanish Association for Standardization-European Standard). 1992. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures—Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. UNE-EN 1992-1-1-2013. London: British Standards Institution.
UNE-EN (Spanish Association for Standardization-European Standard). 2018. Concrete—Specification, performance, production and conformity. London: British Standards Institution.
Wakabayashi, M., T. Nakamura, N. Yoshida, S. Iwai, and Y. Watanabe. 1980. “Dynamic loading effects on the structural performance of concrete and steel materials and beams.” In Proc., 7th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 271–278. Istanbul, Turkey: Turkish National Committee on Earthquake Engineering.
Wang, X. H., S. R. Zhang, C. Wang, R. Song, C. Shang, and X. Fang. 2018. “Experimental investigation of the size effect of layered roller compacted concrete (RCC) under high-strain-rate loading.” Constr. Build. Mater. 165 (Jan): 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.033.
Watstein, D. 1953. “Effect of straining rate on the compressive strength and elastic properties of concrete.” ACI J. Proc. 49 (4): 729–744.
Wei, H., T. Wu, X. Liu, and R. Zhang. 2020. “Investigation of stress-strain relationship for confined lightweight aggregate concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 256 (Sep): 119432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119432.
Wu, C. H., Y. C. Kan, C. H. Huang, T. Yen, and L. H. Chen. 2011. “Flexural behavior and size effect of full scale reinforced lightweight concrete beam.” J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 19 (2): 132–140.
Yan, D., and G. Lin. 2008. “Influence of initial static stress on the dynamic properties of concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 30 (4): 327–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.11.004.
Zeng, S., and J. Li. 2013. “Experimental study on uniaxail compression behavior of concrete under dynamic loadin.” [In Chinese.] J. Tongji Univ. Nat. Sci. 41 (1): 7–10.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34 • Issue 1 • January 2022
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 8, 2020
Accepted: Jun 3, 2021
Published online: Oct 28, 2021
Published in print: Jan 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Mar 28, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Huiheng Lian, Xinjian Sun, Zhenpeng Yu, Yaojie Lian, Lei Xie, Anxiong Long, Zhixuan Guan, Study on the dynamic fracture properties and size effect of concrete based on DIC technology, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2022.108789, 274, (108789), (2022).