Stabilization of Dredged Sediment Using Activated Binary Cement Incorporating Nanoparticles
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 1
Abstract
This study investigated the use of portland cement (PC)–ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) binary cement (BC), which was improved by chemical activation and nanomodification, as a potential alternative to PC for stabilization of dredged sediment (DS). The activators of (SM), (CH), (SS), and nanomodifiers of (NS) and nano-MgO (NM) were used to improve the strength gaining of BC-stabilized DS (BCDS). A series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were conducted to investigate the strength development and associated micromechanisms of nanomodified and activated BCDS. The results indicated that chemical activation can effectively improve the UCS of BCDS, and optimum single activator contents of SM, CH, and SS were respectively 6%, 4%, and 10%. Composite activators SM/SS with mass ratio of 1/9 exhibited more advantages than a single activator. Nanomodification can further improve the UCS of SM/SS-BCDS. The optimum single nanoparticle contents of NS and NM for SM/SS-BCDS were 6% and 8%, respectively. Compared with a single nanoparticle, composite nanoparticles NS/NM with mass ratio of 5/5 were more effective in improving UCS of SM/SS-BCDS. The 15% optimum NS/NM-SM/SS-BC can be used to replace 30% PC for DS stabilization. XRD and SEM results confirmed that the main hydration products of NS/NM-SM/SS-BCDS were calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH), and ettringite, which contributed to the strength enhancing.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
This research work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51972209).
References
AlArab, A., B. Hamad, G. Chehab, and J. J. Assaad. 2020. “Use of ceramic-waste powder as value-added pozzolanic material with improved thermal properties.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (9): 04020243. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003326.
Assaad, J. J., J. Harb, and K. H. Khayat. 2009. “Use of triaxial compression test on mortars to evaluate formwork pressure of self-consolidating concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 106 (5): 439–447. https://doi.org/10.14359/51663144.
Assaad, J. J., and J. Hard. 2012. “Assessment of thixotropy of fresh mortars by triaxial and unconfined compression testing.” Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater. 1 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM104469.
ASTM. 2008. Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of chemical grouted soils. ASTM D4219-08. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2010a. Standard test methods for laboratory determination of water (moisture) content of soil and rock by mass. ASTM D2216-10. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2010b. Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils. ASTM D4318-10. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012. Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3)). ASTM D1557-12. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013. Standard test method for pH of soils. ASTM D4972-13. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer. ASTM D854-14. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bahmani, S. H., N. Farzadnia, A. Asadi, and B. B. K. Huat. 2016. “The effect of size and replacement content of nanosilica on strength development of cement treated residual soil.” Constr. Build. Mater. 118 (Aug): 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.075.
Bahmani, S. H., B. B. K. Huat, A. Asadi, and N. Farzadnia. 2014. “Stabilization of residual soil using nanoparticles and cement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 64 (Aug): 350–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.086.
Changizi, F., and A. Haddad. 2015. “Strength properties of soft clay treated with mixture of nano- and recycled polyester fiber.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 7 (4): 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2015.03.013.
Chian, S. C., S. T. Ngugen, and K. K. Phoon. 2016. “Extended strength development model of cement-treated clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 142 (2): 06015014. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001400.
Choobbasti, A. J., and S. S. Kutanaei. 2017. “Microstructure characteristics of cement-stabilized sandy soil using nanosilica.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 9 (5): 981–988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.03.015.
Choobbasti, A. J., M. A. Samakoosh, and S. S. Kutanaei. 2019. “Mechanical properties soil stabilized with nano calcium carbonate and reinforced with carpet waste fibers.” Constr. Build. Mater. 211 (Jun): 1094–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.306.
Ghasabkolaei, N., A. J. Choobbasti, N. Roshan, and S. E. Ghasemi. 2017. “Geotechnical properties of the soils modified with nanomaterials: A comprehensive review.” Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 17 (3): 639–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2017.01.010.
Horpibulsuk, S., N. Miura, and T. S. Nagaraj. 2003. “Assessment of strength development in cement-admixed high water content clays with Abrams’ law as a basis.” Géotechnique 53 (4): 439–444. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.4.439.
Horpibulsuk, S., R. Rachan, A. Chinkulkijniwat, Y. Raksachon, and A. Suddeepong. 2010. “Analysis of strength development in cement-stabilized silty clay from microstructural considerations.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (10): 2011–2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.03.011.
Horpibulsuk, S., R. Rachan, A. Suddeepong, and A. Chinkulkijniwat. 2011. “Strength development in cement admixed Bangkok clay: Laboratory and field investigation.” Soils Found. 51 (2): 239–251. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.51.239.
Horpibulsuk, S., A. Suddeepong, A. Chinkulkijniwat, and M. D. Liu. 2012. “Strength and compressibility of lightweight cemented clays.” Appl. Clay Sci. 69 (Nov): 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.08.006.
Hossein Rafiean, A., E. Najafi Kani, and A. Haddad. 2020. “Mechanical and durability properties of poorly graded sandy soil stabilized with activated slag.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (1): 04019324. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002990.
Jin, F., K. Gu, and A. Al-Tabbaa. 2015. “Strength and hydration properties of reactive MgO-activated ground granulated blastfurnace slag paste.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 57 (Mar): 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.10.007.
Kang, G., A. A. Cikmit, T. Tsuchida, H. Honda, and Y.-S. Kim. 2019. “Strength development and microstructural characteristics of soft dredged clay stabilized with basic oxygen furnace steel slag.” Constr. Build. Mater. 203 (Apr): 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.106.
Lang, L., B. Chen, and B. Chen. 2021a. “Strength evolutions of varying water content-dredged sludge stabilized with alkali-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag.” Constr. Build. Mater. 275 (Mar): 122111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122111.
Lang, L., B. Chen, and H. Duan. 2021b. “Modification of nanoparticles for the strength enhancing of cement-stabilized dredged sludge.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 13 (3): 694–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2021.01.006.
Lang, L., N. Liu, and B. Chen. 2020a. “Strength development of solidified dredged sludge containing humic acid with cement, lime and nano-SiO2.” Constr. Build. Mater. 230 (Jan): 116971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116971.
Lang, L., C. Song, L. Xue, and B. Chen. 2020b. “Effectiveness of waste steel slag powder on the strength development and associated micro-mechanisms of cement-stabilized dredged sludge.” Constr. Build. Mater. 240 (Apr): 117975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117975.
Lee, F.-H., Y. Lee, S.-H. Chew, and K.-Y. Yong. 2005. “Strength and modulus of marine clay-cement mixes.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (2): 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:2(178).
Li, W., and Y. Yi. 2020. “Use of carbide slag from acetylene industry for activation of ground granulated blast-furnace slag.” Constr. Build. Mater. 238 (Mar): 117713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117713.
Lo, K.-W., K.-L. Lin, T.-W. Cheng, Y.-M. Chang, and J.-Y. Lan. 2017. “Effect of nano- on the alkali-activated characteristics of spent catalyst metakaolin-based geopolymers.” Constr. Build. Mater. 143 (Jul): 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.152.
Ma, C., Z. Qin, Y. Zhuang, L. Chen, and B. Chen. 2015. “Influence of sodium silicate and promoters on unconfined compressive strength of portland cement-stabilized clay.” Soils Found. 55 (5): 1222–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.09.021.
Meng, T., Y. Qiang, A. Hu, C. Xu, and L. Lin. 2017. “Effect of compound nano- addition on strength development and microstructure of cement-stabilized soil in the marine environment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 151 (Oct): 775–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.016.
Ministry of Water Resources. 2019. Standard for geotechnical testing method. [In Chinese.] GB/T 50123-2019. Beijing: Ministry of Water Resources.
Phetchuay, C., S. Horpibulsuk, A. Arulrajah, C. Suksiripattanapong, and A. Udomchai. 2016. “Strength development in soft marine clay stabilized by fly ash and calcium carbide residue based geopolymer.” Appl. Clay Sci. 127–128 (Jul): 134–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.04.005.
Salimi, M., and A. Ghorbani. 2020. “Mechanical and compressibility characteristics of a soft clay stabilized by slag-based mixtures and geopolymers.” Appl. Clay Sci. 184 (Jan): 105390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2019.105390.
Stefanidou, M., and I. Papayianni. 2012. “Influence of nano- on the portland cement pastes.” Composites, Part B 43 (3): 2706–2710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.12.015.
Taha, M. R., and O. M. E. Taha. 2012. “Influence of nano-material on the expansive and shrinkage soil behavior.” J. Nanopart. Res. 14 (10): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1190-0.
Tan, Y.-Z., R. Ke, and H.-J. Ming. 2019. “Improving the durability of organic matter in cement-treated sludge using metakaolin and lime.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. 39 (3): 293–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2019.1697772.
Wang, D., X. Gao, R. Wang, S. Larsson, and M. Benzerzour. 2020a. “Elevated curing temperature-associated strength and mechanisms of reactive MgO-activated industrial by-products solidified soils.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. 38 (6): 659–671. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2019.1610817.
Wang, D., J. Xiao, and X. Gao. 2019. “Strength gain and microstructure of carbonated reactive MgO-fly ash solidified sludge from East Lake, China.” Eng. Geol. 251 (Mar): 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.02.012.
Wang, H.-S., C.-S. Tang, K. Gu, B. Shi, and H. I. Inyang. 2020b. “Mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced, chemically stabilized dredged sludge.” Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 79 (2): 629–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01580-5.
Wang, L., L. Chen, D. C. W. Tsang, J.-S. Li, K. Baek, D. Hou, S. Ding, and C.-S. Poon. 2018. “Recycling dredged sediment into fill materials, partition blocks, and paving blocks: Technical and economic assessment.” J. Cleaner Prod. 199 (Oct): 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.165.
Xu, B., and Y. Yi. 2019. “Soft clay stabilization using ladle slag-ground granulated blastfurnace slag blend.” Appl. Clay Sci. 178 (Sep): 105136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2019.105136.
Yao, K., D. An, W. Wang, N. Li, C. Zhang, and A. Zhou. 2020a. “Effect of nano-MgO on mechanical performance of cement stabilized silty clay.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. 38 (2): 250–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2018.1564406.
Yao, K., Y. Pan, L. Jia, J. T. Yi, J. Hu, and C. Wu. 2020b. “Strength evaluation of marine clay stabilized by cementitious binder.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. 38 (6): 730–743. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2019.1615583.
Yao, K., W. Wang, N. Li, C. Zhang, and L. Wang. 2019. “Investigation on strength and microstructure characteristics of nano-MgO admixed with cemented soft soil.” Constr. Build. Mater. 206 (May): 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.221.
Yi, Y., L. Gu, and S. Liu. 2015a. “Microstructural and mechanical properties of marine soft clay stabilized by lime-activated ground granulated blastfurnace slag.” Appl. Clay Sci. 103 (Jan): 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.11.005.
Yi, Y., L. Gu, S. Liu, and F. Jin. 2016a. “Magnesia reactivity on activating efficacy for ground granulated blastfurnace slag for soft clay stabilisation.” Appl. Clay Sci. 126 (Jun): 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.02.033.
Yi, Y., C. Li, and S. Liu. 2015b. “Alkali-activated ground-granulated blast furnace slag for stabilization of marine soft clay.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (4): 04014146. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001100.
Yi, Y., M. Liska, F. Jin, and A. Al-Tabbaa. 2016b. “Mechanism of reactive magnesia–ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) soil stabilization.” Can. Geotech. J. 53 (5): 773–782. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0183.
Yoobanpot, N., P. Jamsawang, H. Poorahong, P. Jongpradist, and S. Likitlersuang. 2020a. “Multiscale laboratory investigation of the mechanical and microstructural properties of dredged sediments stabilized with cement and fly ash.” Eng. Geol. 267 (Mar): 105491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105491.
Yoobanpot, N., P. Jamsawang, P. Simarat, P. Jongpradist, and S. Likitlersuang. 2020b. “Sustainable reuse of dredged sediments as pavement materials by cement and fly ash stabilization.” J. Soils Sediments 20 (3): 3807–3823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02635-x.
Yu, J., Y. Chen, G. Chen, and L. Wang. 2020. “Experimental study of the feasibility of using anhydrous sodium metasilicate as a geopolymer activator for soil stabilization.” Eng. Geol. 264 (Jan): 105316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105316.
Zhang, R.-J., Y.-Q. Qiao, J.-J. Zheng, and C.-Q. Dong. 2020a. “A method for considering curing temperature effect in mix proportion design of mass cement-solidified mud at high water content.” Acta Geotech. 16 (12): 279–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-020-00961-5.
Zhang, T., L. J. Vandeperre, and C. R. Cheeseman. 2014. “Formation of magnesium silicate hydrate (M-S-H) cement pastes using sodium hexametaphosphate.” Cem. Concr. Res. 65 (Nov): 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.07.001.
Zhang, W.-L., L.-Y. Zhao, B. A. McCabe, Y.-H. Chen, and L. Morrison. 2020b. “Dredged marine sediments stabilized/solidified with cement and GGBS: Factors affecting mechanical behaviour and leachability.” Sci. Total Environ. 733 (Sep): 138551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138551.
Zyganitidis, I., M. Stefanidou, N. Kalfagiannis, and S. Logothetidis. 2011. “Nanomechanical characterization of cement-based pastes enriched with nanoparticles.” Mater. Sci. Eng., B 176 (19): 1580–1584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2011.05.005.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 34 • Issue 1 • January 2022
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 6, 2021
Accepted: May 6, 2021
Published online: Oct 19, 2021
Published in print: Jan 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Mar 19, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Lei Lang, Bing Chen, Jiangshan Li, High-efficiency stabilization of dredged sediment using nano-modified and chemical-activated binary cement, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.12.007, (2023).
- Dongxing Wang, Duo Yang, Yong Yuan, Strength improvement and micromechanism of inorganic/organic additive-modified magnesium oxychloride cement solidified sludge, Construction and Building Materials, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.130159, 366, (130159), (2023).
- Xinlei Zhang, Jun Guo, Yumin Chen, Yi Han, Ruibo Yi, Hongmei Gao, Lu Liu, Hanlong Liu, Zhifu Shen, Mechanical Properties and Engineering Applications of Special Soils—Dynamic Shear Modulus and Damping of MICP-Treated Calcareous Sand at Low Strains, Applied Sciences, 10.3390/app122312175, 12, 23, (12175), (2022).
- Yi Luo, Yufei Wu, Pengpeng Ni, Jiapeng Su, Effects of curing and processing on strength of raw earth stabilized with lime and sodium silicate, Materials and Structures, 10.1617/s11527-022-02061-0, 55, 8, (2022).
- Ram Wanare, Prathyusha Jayanthi, Kannan K.R. Iyer, Experimental study on sustainable stabilization of marine soil with ultrafine slag and activator for controlling its cracking characteristics, Construction and Building Materials, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128310, 345, (128310), (2022).
- Xinlei Zhang, Desheng Li, Lei Lang, Evaluation of strength development in cemented dredged sediment admixing recycled glass powder, Construction and Building Materials, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127996, 342, (127996), (2022).