Technical Papers
Apr 28, 2021

Experimental Study of the Heating Potential of Mortar-Aggregate under Microwave Irradiation

Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33, Issue 7

Abstract

Microwave heating is a novel and promising method to remove mortar that adheres to aggregates in recycled concrete. A systematic experiment was carried out to evaluate the heating results of mortar-aggregate composite materials after microwave heating with different power and irradiation times. It was revealed that the surface temperature and heating rates of the mortar and aggregate linearly increased with the irradiation time and powers level. After microwave treatment, macrocracks generated along the mortar–aggregate interface and penetrated the mortar matrix until the mortar broke. Moreover, based on the push-out tests, it was found that the interface bond strength of mortar-aggregate after microwave treatment was much lower than that of the untreated specimens. The influence of the temperature difference on the residual bond strength is also discussed in this study. The parametric study confirmed that the bonding strength between mortar and aggregate after microwave heating is reduced. This experimental investigation could provide a basis and reference for microwave-assisted concrete recycling for industrial applications.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge this supports provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11872287), and the Found of Shaanxi Key Research and Development Program (Grant No. 2019ZDLGY01-10).

References

Abbas, A., G. Fathifazl, B. Fournier, O. B. Isgor, R. Zavadil, A. G. Razaqpur, and S. Foo. 2009. “Quantification of the residual mortar content in recycled concrete aggregates by image analysis.” Mater. Charact. 60 (7): 716–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2009.01.010.
Akbarnezhad, A., K. C. G. Ong, M. H. Zhang, C. T. Tam, and T. W. J. Foo. 2011. “Microwave-assisted beneficiation of recycled concrete aggregates.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (8): 3469–3479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.038.
Akhtar, A., and A. K. Sarmah. 2018. “Construction and demolition waste generation and properties of recycled aggregate concrete: A global perspective.” J. Cleaner Prod. 186 (Jun): 262–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.085.
Ali, A. Y., and S. M. Bradshaw. 2010. “Bonded-particle modelling of microwave induced damage in ore particles.” Miner. Eng. 23 (10): 780–790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2010.05.019.
Appa Rao, G., and B. K. Raghu Prasad. 2002. “Influence of the roughness of aggregate surface on the interface bond strength.” Cem. Concr. Res. 32 (2): 253–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00668-8.
Beaucour, A. L., P. Pliya, F. Faleschini, R. Njinwoua, C. Pellegrino, and A. Noumowé. 2020. “Influence of elevated temperature on properties of radiation shielding concrete with electric arc furnace slag as coarse aggregate.” Constr. Build. Mater. 256 (Sep): 119385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119385.
Behera, M., S. K. Bhattacharyya, A. K. Minocha, R. Deoliya, and S. Maiti. 2014. “Recycled aggregate from C&D waste & its use in concrete—A breakth-rough towards sustainability in construction sector: A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 68 (Oct): 501–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.003.
Caliskan, S. 2003. “Aggregate/mortar interface: Influence of silica fume at the micro- and macro-level.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 25 (4–5): 557–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00095-1.
CS (Chinese Standards). 2006. Standard for technical requirements and test method of sand and crushed stone (or gravel) for ordinary concrete. [In Chinese.] JGJ52-2006. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
de Juan, M. S., and P. A. Gutiérrez. 2009. “Study on the influence of attached mortar content on the properties of recycled concrete aggregate.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (2): 872–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.04.012.
Dutta, S., and J. C. Kishen. 2018. “Role of aggregate debonding on the tensile response of concrete: A micromechanical approach.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 199 (Aug): 518–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.06.015.
Ferrari-John, R. S., A. R. Batchelor, J. Katrib, C. Dodds, and S. W. Kingman. 2016. “Understanding selectivity in radio frequency and microwave sorting of porphyry copper ores.” Int. J. Miner. Process. 155 (Oct): 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2016.08.011.
Ferreira, R. L. S., M. A. S. Anjos, A. K. C. Nóbrega, J. E. S. Pereira, and E. F. Ledesma. 2019. “The role of powder content of the recycled aggregates of CDW in the behaviour of rendering mortars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 208 (May): 601–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.058.
Fu, Y. F., Y. L. Wong, C. S. Poon, and C. A. Tang. 2007. “Numerical tests of thermal cracking induced by temperature gradient in cement-based composites under thermal loads.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 29 (2): 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.09.002.
Gautam, P. K., A. K. Verma, M. K. Jha, S. Maheshwar, and T. N. Singh. 2018. “Effect of high temperature on physical and mechanical properties of granite.” J. Appl. Geophys. 159: 460–474. https://doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2018.07.018.
Guo, H., C. Shi, X. Guan, J. Zhu, Y. Ding, T. C. Ling, H. Zhang, and Y. Wang. 2018. “Durability of recycled aggregate concrete—A review.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 89 (May): 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.03.008.
Hu, J., Q. Sun, and X. Pan. 2018. “Variation of mechanical properties of granite after high-temperature treatment.” Arabian J. Geosci. 11 (2): 43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3395-8.
Kahraman, S., A. N. Canpolat, and M. Fener. 2020. “The influence of microwave treatment on the compressive and tensile strength of igneous rocks.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 129 (May): 104303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104303.
Katz, A. 2004. “Treatments for the improvement of recycled aggregate.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 16 (6): 597–603. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2004)16:6(597).
Kim, K. Y., T. S. Yun, and K. P. Park. 2013. “Evaluation of pore structures and cracking in cement paste exposed to elevated temperatures by X-ray computed tomography.” Cem. Concr. Res. 50 (Aug): 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.03.020.
Kou, S. C., and C. S. Poon. 2010. “Properties of concrete prepared with PVA-impregnated recycled concrete aggregates.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 32 (8): 649–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.05.003.
Kylili, A., and P. A. Fokaides. 2017. “Policy trends for the sustainability assessment of construction materials: A review.” Sustainable Cities Soc. 35 (Nov): 280–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.08.013.
Lee, K. M., O. Buyukozturk, and A. Chimera. 1992. “Fracture analysis of mortar-aggregate interfaces in concrete.” J. Eng. Mech. 118 (10): 2031–2046. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1992)118:10(2031).
Li, X. 2008. “Recycling and reuse of waste concrete in China. Part I: Material behavior of recycled aggregate concrete.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 53 (1–2): 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.09.006.
Li, X., C. Qi, and P. Zhang. 2020. “A micro-macro confined compressive fatigue creep failure model in brittle solids.” Int. J. Fatigue 130 (Jan): 105278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.105278.
Lippiatt, N., and F. Bourgeois. 2012. “Investigation of microwave-assisted concrete recycling using single-particle testing.” Miner. Eng. 31 (May): 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2011.09.017.
Liu, F., Z. Shao, R. Qiao, S. Zhang, and W.-C. Cheng. 2020. “The influence of compaction energy on frost-heave characteristics of coarse-grained soil.” Nat. Hazard. 100 (2): 897–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03827-6.
Ma, Z., M. Liu, Q. Tang, C. Liang, and Z. Duan. 2020. “Chloride permeability of recycled aggregate concrete under the coupling effect of freezing-thawing, elevated temperature or mechanical damage.” Constr. Build. Mater. 237 (Mar): 117648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117648.
Mardani-Aghabaglou, A., A. Beglarigale, H. Yazıcı, and K. Ramyar. 2018. “Comparison of recycled glass and recycled concrete aggregates bearing mortar mixtures exposed to high temperature, abrasion and drying.” J. Green Build. 13 (4): 39–59. https://doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.13.4.39.
Mardani-Aghabaglou, A., A. Beglarigale, H. Yazıcı, and K. Ramyar. 2019. “Transport properties and freeze-thaw resistance of mortar mixtures containing recycled concrete and glass aggregates.” Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 23 (1): 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2016.1262289.
Menard, Y., K. Bru, S. Touze, A. Lemoign, J. E. Poirier, G. Ruffie, F. Bonnaudin, and F. Von Der Weid. 2013. “Innovative process routes for a high-quality concrete recycling.” Waste Manage. 33 (6): 1561–1565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.02.006.
Mulder, E., T. P. de Jong, and L. Feenstra. 2007. “Closed cycle construction: An integrated process for the separation and reuse of C&D waste.” Waste Manage. 27 (10): 1408–1415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.03.013.
Neville, A. M. 1995. Properties of concrete. London: Longman.
Ong, K. G., and A. Akbarnezhad. 2014. Microwave-assisted concrete technology: Production, demolition and recycling. London: CRC Press.
Peinsitt, T., F. Kuchar, P. Hartlieb, P. Moser, H. Kargl, U. Restner, and N. Sifferlinger. 2010. “Microwave heating of dry and water saturated basalt, granite and sandstone.” Int. J. Min. Miner. Eng. 2 (1): 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMME.2010.031810.
Qiao, R., Z. Shao, F. Liu, and W. Wei. 2019. “Damage evolution and safety assessment of tunnel lining subjected to long-duration fire.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 83 (Jan): 354–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.09.036.
Qin, Y., H. Tian, and N. X. Xu, and Y. Chen. 2020. “Physical and mechanical properties of granite after high-temperature treatment.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 53 (Jul): 305–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01919-0.
Quattrone, M., S. C. Angulo, and V. M. John. 2014. “Energy and CO2 from high performance recycled aggregate production.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 90 (Sep): 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.06.003.
Shima, H., H. Tateyashiki, R. Matsuhashi, and Y. Yoshida. 2005. “An advanced concrete recycling technology and its applicability assessment through input-output analysis.” J. Adv. Concr. Technol. 3 (1): 53–67. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.3.53.
Tam, V. W. Y., X. F. Gao, and C. M. Tam. 2005. “Microstructural analysis of recycled aggregate concrete produced from two-stage mixing approach.” Cem. Concr. Res. 35 (6): 1195–1203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemc-onres.2004.10.025.
Ulsen, C., H. Kahn, G. Hawlitschek, E. A. Masini, and S. C. Angulo. 2013. “Separability studies of construction and demolition waste recycled sand.” Waste Manage. 33 (3): 656–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.06.018.
Wang, W., J. Xiao, S. Xu, and C. Wang. 2017. “Experimental study on behavior of mortar-aggregate interface after elevated temperatures.” Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 11 (2): 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-016-0374-6.
Wei, W., Z. Shao, W. Chen, P. Zhang, and J. Cheng. 2020a. “Experimental study on thermal and mechanical behavior of mortar-aggregate under microwave irradiation.” J. Build. Eng. 34 (Feb): 101947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101947.
Wei, W., Z. Shao, R. Qiao, W. Chen, H. Zhou, and Y. Yuan. 2020b. “Recent development of microwave applications for concrete treatment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 269 (Feb): 121224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121224.
Wei, W., Z. Shao, Y. Zhang, R. Qiao, and J. Gao. 2019. “Fundamentals and applications of microwave energy in rock and concrete processing—A review.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 157 (May): 113751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.113751.
Xiao, J., W. Li, D. J. Corr, and S. P. Shah. 2013. “Effects of interfacial transit-ion zones on the stress–strain behavior of modeled recycled aggregate concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 52 (Oct): 82–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.05.004.
Ye, Q., J. Chen, G. Chen, J. Peng, C. Srinivasakannan, and R. Ruan. 2018. “Effect of microwave heating on the microstructures and kinetics of carbothermal reduction of pyrolusite ore.” Adv. Powder Technol. 29 (8): 1871–1878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2018.04.025.
Yue, G., Z. Ma, M. Liu, C. Liang, and G. Ba. 2020. “Damage behavior of the multiple ITZs in recycled aggregate concrete subjected to aggressive ion environment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 245 (Jun): 118419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118419.
Zhang, L. W., A. O. Sojobi, V. K. R. Kodur, and K. M. Liew. 2019. “Effective utilization and recycling of mixed recycled aggregates for a greener environment.” J. Cleaner Prod. 236 (Nov): 117600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.075.
Zhang, Y., J. Woody Ju, Q. Chen, Z. Yan, H. Zhu, and Z. Jiang. 2020a. “Characterizing and analyzing the residual interfacial behavior of steel fibers embedded into cement-based matrices after exposure to high temperatures.” Composites, Part B 191 (Mar): 107933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107933.
Zhang, Y., J. Woody Ju, H. Zhu, Q. Guo, and Z. Yan. 2018. “Micromechanics based multi-level model for predicting the coefficients of thermal expansion of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 190 (Nov): 948–963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.030.
Zhang, Y., J. Woody Ju, H. Zhu, and Z. Yan. 2020b. “A novel multi-scale model for predicting the thermal damage of hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete.” Int. J. Damage Mech. 29 (1): 19–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056789519831554.
Zhu, J., Z. Yang, X. Li, S. Qi, Q. Fang, and Y. Ding. 2019. “The experimental study of microwave heating on the microstructure of oil shale samples.” Energy Sci. Eng. 7 (3): 809–820. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.311.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33Issue 7July 2021

History

Received: Mar 24, 2020
Accepted: Dec 1, 2020
Published online: Apr 28, 2021
Published in print: Jul 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Sep 28, 2021

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Graduate Student, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an Univ. of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, PR China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-7479. Email: [email protected]
Zhushan Shao [email protected]
Professor, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an Univ. of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, PR China (corresponding author). Email: [email protected]
Ph.D. Candidate, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an Univ. of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, PR China. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

  • The Effect of Calcium Source on Pb and Cu Remediation Using Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10.3389/fbioe.2022.849631, 10, (2022).
  • Frost resistance of fiber-reinforced self-compacting recycled concrete, REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE, 10.1515/rams-2022-0269, 61, 1, (711-725), (2022).
  • The investigation of concrete damage and recycled aggregate properties under microwave and conventional heating, Construction and Building Materials, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127859, 341, (127859), (2022).
  • Experimental assessment of microwave heating assisted aggregate recycling from dried and saturated concrete, Materials and Structures, 10.1617/s11527-021-01741-7, 54, 4, (2021).
  • Thermally Assisted Liberation of Concrete and Aggregate Recycling: Comparison between Microwave and Conventional Heating, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004007, 33, 12, (2021).
  • Properties of concrete incorporating microwave treated coarse aggregate: An experimental study, Structures, 10.1016/j.istruc.2021.04.094, 33, (693-702), (2021).
  • Internal erosion behaviour of compacted loess against different hydraulic conditions indicated by enhanced pinhole tests, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 10.1007/s12517-021-08583-1, 14, 21, (2021).
  • A comparative study of different machine learning algorithms in predicting EPB shield behaviour: a case study at the Xi’an metro, China, Acta Geotechnica, 10.1007/s11440-021-01383-7, 16, 12, (4061-4080), (2021).

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share