Use of Waste Gypsum, Reclaimed Asphalt Filler, and GGBS as a Full Replacement of Cement in Road Base
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33, Issue 6
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were used to determine the suitability of raw industrial by-products obtained within the United Kingdom that are being taken to landfill sites and develop a hydraulically bound cementitious material for applications in road (base), foundation, and subgrade in pavement construction. The by-products were predominantly sourced locally. Tests were carried out to determine the mechanical stability of the by-product binders and performance determined in strength development by time. High-pressure permeability tests were performed to determine the permeability of the materials, and frost susceptibility tests were conducted to determine the freeze–thaw resistance of the materials. Compressive strength tests were conducted at 7, 14, 28, 90, and 180 days of age. Strength development on the hydraulic paste was slow during the early stages of hydration for mixtures containing 40%–60% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). After 28 days and up to 90 days when the ultimate strength of the hydraulic paste was achieved, strength increased with the presence of GGBS of up to 60%. Ternary mixtures with proportions of 20% plasterboard waste gypsum (PWG); 20% reclaimed asphalt filler (RAF), 60% GGBS, and 10% vitamin B5 gypsum (V-B5G); 30% RAF; and 60% GGBS attained the highest compressive strengths of 41 and 40 MPa, respectively, at 90 days. One of the dominant factors that influenced the strength was the presence of calcium sulfate, (), in the PWG and V-B5G materials; calcium silicate, (), in the GGBS; and pozzolanic activity () in the RAF. The results suggest most of the mixes in the groups are suitable for use as road (base) and foundation materials.
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Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
The items that will be made available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request are as follows:
1.
Input data on Minitab 18.
2.
Output data on Minitab 18.
3.
Laboratory compressive strength results at 7, 14, 28, 90, and 180 days of the different mixes (Group 2 and Group 2A) discussed in this manuscript.
4.
Laboratory high-pressure permeability results of Group 2–Mix 1 and Group 2A–Mix 13 at 28-day and 90-day tests.
5.
Laboratory freeze–thaw results of Group 2–Mix 1 and Group 2A–Mix 13.
6.
Input and output data in using the Malvern Mastersize 2000 to determine the particle size distributions of PWG, V-B5G, RAF, and GGBS.
7.
Evidence of test results carried out by other institutions (Leicester University and Warwick University) to determine the phases or component combinations of the mineralogical properties of the samples (materials) used in the experimental study.
8.
Evidence of test results carried out by other institutions (Leicester University and Warwick University) to determine the chemical composition or chemical oxides of the materials used in the experimental study.
9.
Evidence of e-mail correspondence with suppliers from which samples were obtained.
10.
Data for laboratory test results for compressive strength, high-pressure permeability tests, and freeze–thaw tests on request in Excel format. All other test results will be in the format generated by the packaging software used to undertake the experiments.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of Warwickshire County Council. The materials were kindly provided by Tarmac and DSM Nutritional Products UK Ltd, Scotland.
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Information & Authors
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Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33 • Issue 6 • June 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 27, 2019
Accepted: Nov 9, 2020
Published online: Mar 27, 2021
Published in print: Jun 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Aug 27, 2021
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