Influences on Compaction of Cold Mix Cement Emulsified Asphalt Using the Superpave Gyratory Compaction
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33, Issue 6
Abstract
It is well known that cold mix cement emulsified asphalt (CMCEA) exhibits good mechanical performance even when paved at room temperature. In this study, the compactibility and mechanical properties of CMCEA specimens were studied using a Superpave gyratory compactor. To analyze CMCEA compaction dynamics, two indices based on indexes of compaction quality (ICQ) and parameters of the compaction process (PCP) were considered. ICQ included the compressive strength and air voids, while PCP included the compaction energy index and compaction rate. Tests were conducted on CMCEA specimens to estimate the effect of process variables, such as compaction temperature, time interval before compaction, and gyration parameters, on ICQ and PCP. It was determined that CMCEA could be molded satisfactorily at temperatures below 40°C. Experimental results showed that the compressive strength and densification of CMCEA specimens were positively correlated in the range of °C10–40°C and negatively correlated beyond 40°C. Process variables play an important role in controlling the compaction characteristics, such as the compressive strength and air voids. Furthermore, choosing a suitable time interval before compaction (TIBC) at a given compaction temperature helps in saving compaction energy and achieving an appropriate compaction rate. To achieve a CMCEA compressive strength and densification at 25°C, as mandated by practical design requirements, the TIBC, number of gyrations, and gyration angle were optimized at 12–35 min, 140–160, and 1.15°, respectively. The method used to determine these parameters and the obtained optimal values serve as a benchmark for actual pavement construction.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request. The items contain the results of material tests, and experimental results of influences of process variables for this study.
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (No. 2020JQ-786) and Central Universities Funds of Chang’an University (Nos. 300102250501 and 300102259306), and partially funded the Scientific Planning Project of Henan Provincial Department of Transportation (Nos. 2018J1 and 2019J3).
References
Arimilli, S., P. K. Jain, and M. N. Nagabhushana. 2016. “Optimization of recycled asphalt pavement in cold emulsified mixtures by mechanistic characterization.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (2): 04015132. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001412.
Awed, A., E. Kassem, E. Masad, and D. Little. 2015. “Method for predicting the laboratory compaction behavior of asphalt mixtures.”J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 27 (11): 04015016. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001244.
Baghini, M. S., A. Ismail, B. Kheradmand, and R. A. Almansob. 2013. “The potentials of Portland cement and bitumen emulsion mixture on soil stabilization in road base construction.” Jurnal Teknologi 65 (2): 67–72. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v65.2193.
Bahia, H. U., T. P. Friemel, and P. A. Peterson. 1998. “Optimization of constructibility and resistance to traffic: A new design approach for HMA using the superpave compactor.” In Vol. 67 of Proc., Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 189–232. Saint Paul, MN: Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists.
Delrio-Prat, M., A. Vega-Zamanillo, and D. Castro-Fresno. 2011. “Energy consumption during compaction with a Gyratory Intensive Compactor Tester. Estimation models.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (2): 979–986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.083.
Dessouky, S., E. Masad, and F. Bayomy. 2004. “Prediction of hot mix asphalt stability using the superpave gyratory compactor.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 16 (6): 578–587. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2004)16:6(578).
Du, J. 2001. “Research on storage type of hot mix cold laid mixture”. Ph.D. thesis, School of Highway, Chang’ an Univ.
Dubois, V., C. D. L. Roche, and O. Burban. 2010. “Influence of the compaction process on the air void homogeneity of asphalt mixtures samples.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (6): 885–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.12.004.
Estakhri, C. K., J. W. Button, and L. M. Jimenez. 1999. Guidelines for improving the performance of TxDOT item 334, hot-mix, cold-laid asphalt concrete paving mixtures. Austin, TX: Texas Transportation Institute.
Gao, L., F. Ni, S. Charmot, and H. Luo. 2014. “Influence on compaction of cold recycled mixes with emulsions using the superpave gyratory compaction.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 26 (11): 04014081. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000987.
García, A., P. Lura, M. N. Partl, and I. Jerjen. 2012. “Influence of cement content and environmental humidity on asphalt emulsion and cement composites performance.” Mater. Struct. 46 (8): 1275–1289. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9971-6.
Grilli, A., A. Graziani, E. Bocci, and M. Bocci. 2016. “Volumetric properties and influence of water content on the compactability of cold recycled mixtures.” Mater. Struct. 49 (10): 4349–4362. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0792-x.
Ji, X., Y. Hou, X. Li, and T. Wang. 2019. “Comparison on properties of cement-stabilized gravel prepared by different laboratory compaction methods.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 20 (4): 991–1003. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1423105.
Ji, X., Y. Jiang, and Y. Liu. 2016. “Evaluation of the mechanical behaviors of cement-stabilized cold recycled mixtures produced by vertical vibration compaction method.” Mater. Struct. 49 (6): 2257–2270. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0647-x.
Kim, K., and M. Kang. 2018. “Effects of compaction temperature on the volumetric properties and compaction energy efforts of polymer-modified asphalt mixtures.” J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed. 33 (1): 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-018-1799-7.
Lambert, M., J. M. Piau, and V. Gaudefroy. 2018. “Modeling of cold mix asphalt evolutive behaviour based on nonlinear viscoelastic spectral decomposition.” Constr. Build. Mater. 173 (Jun): 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.207.
Leiva, F., and R. C. West. 2008. “Analysis of hot-mix asphalt lab compactability using lab compaction parameters and mix characteristics.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2057 (1): 89–98. https://doi.org/10.3141/2057-11.
Li, Z., P. Hao, and H. Liu. 2016. “Investigation of early-stage strength for cold recycled asphalt mixture using foamed asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater. 127 (Nov): 410–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.126.
Li, Z. H., P. W. Hao, and Z. W. Zheng. 2017. “Research on the compaction methods of cold recycled mixture using foamed asphalt.” [In Chinese.] Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica 34 (9): 2038–2046. https://doi.org/10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20161208.001.
Li, Z. Z., W. G. Wang, and H. R. Pi. 2019. “Study on road performance and design parameters of emulsified asphalt cold recycling mixture.” [In Chinese.] Northern Transp. 16 (4): 63–71. https://doi.org/10.15996/j.cnki.bfjt.2019.04.018.
Meocci, M., F. Torre, and F. G. Praticò. 2019. “Analysis of permanent deformation in cement-bitumen treated materials developed by means of wheel tracking test machine.” In Proc., World Conf. on Pavement and Asset Management (WCPAM 2017). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Ministry of Transportation of the People’s Republic of China. 2004. Technical specifications for construction of highway asphalt pavements. [In Chinese.]. Beijing: China Communications Press.
Ministry of Transportation of the People’s Republic of China. 2005. Test methods of cement and concrete for highway engineering. [In Chinese.]. Beijing: China Communications Press.
Ministry of Transportation of the People’s Republic of China. 2011. Standard test methods of bitumen and bituminous mixtures for highway engineering. [In Chinese.]. Beijing: China Communications Press.
Pouliot, N., J. Marchand, and M. Pigeon. 2003. “Hydration mechanisms, microstructure, and mechanical properties of mortars prepared with mixed binder cement slurry-asphalt emulsion.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 15 (1): 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:1(54).
Praticò, F. G., and R. Vaiana. 2013. “A study on volumetric versus surface properties of wearing courses.” Constr. Build. Mater. 38 (Jan): 766–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.021.
Rutherford, T., Z. Wang, and X. Shu. 2014. “Laboratory investigation into mechanical properties of cement emulsified asphalt mortar.” Constr. Build. Mater. 65 (Aug): 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.113.
Shang, B. 2017. “Study on the influence of molding methods on the properties of MOH material.” [In Chinese.] Highway Transp. Res. 13 (11): 136–137.
Sivakumar, M., and M. V. L. R. Anjaneyulu. 2019. “Compatibility and mechanical properties of LNA-modified asphalt concrete.” J. Transp. Eng. Part B 145 (2): 04019007. https://doi.org/10.1061/JPEODX.0000100.
Song, Z. Y., P. H. Xu, and J. P. Tao. 1995. “Study on emulsion mechanism of emulsified asphalt.” [In Chinese.] Pet. Asphalt 9 (3): 24–25.
Su, Z. X., S. M. Li, and X. H. Wu. 2014. “Improvement and performance of cold-recycled mixtures with emulsified asphalt.” [In Chinese.] J. East China Jiaotong Univ. 31 (2): 37–43.
Texas Transportation Institute. 1999. Guidelines for Improving the Performance of TXDOT Item 334, Hot-Mix, Cold-Laid Asphalt Concrete Paving Mixtures. Austin, TX: Texas Transportation Institute.
Thomas, T., and K. Arlis. 2003. “Performance-related tests and specifications for cold in-place recycling: Lab and field experience [CD-ROM]”. In Proc., Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Wang, F., Y. Liu, Y. Zhang, and S. Hu. 2012. “Experimental study on the stability of asphalt emulsion for CA mortar by laser diffraction technique.” Constr. Build. Mater. 28 (1): 117–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.059.
Wang, H., F. Liu, and B. Y. Zhang. 2015. “Void distribution of emulsified asphalt cold mix with different curing temperature.” [In Chinese.] J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. 39 (2): 388–392.
Wang, Z., Q. Wang, and T. Ai. 2014. “Comparative study on effects of binders and curing ages on properties of cement emulsified asphalt mixture using gray correlation entropy analysis.” Constr. Build. Mater. 54 (Mar): 615–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.093.
Xiao, F. P., S. Amirkhanian, and B. Putman. 2012. “Feasibility of super pave gyratory compaction of rubberized asphalt concrete mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 27 (1): 432–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.024.
Xiao, J. J. 2011. “Study on structure formation mechanism and features of cement emulsified asphalt mixture.” Ph.D. thesis, School of Highway, Chang’an Univ.
Xu, L., and H. S. Zhou. 2008. “Study on the influence of compaction characteristics on emulsified asphalt materials.” [In Chinese.] Shanghai Highways 3 (Aug): 52–55.
Xu, O., Z. Wang, and R. Wang. 2017. “Effects of aggregate gradations and binder contents on engineering properties of cement emulsified asphalt mixture.” Constr. Build. Mater. 135 (Mar): 632–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.095.
Yan, X. L., S. Chen, and S. An. 2017. “Compaction characteristic and operability factor of warm bituminous mixture.” [In Chinese.] J. Traffic Transp. Eng. 17 (1): 11–19.
Zhang, C. H., S. J. Jiao, and X. P. Cao. 2018. “Evaluation method and influencing factors for construction workability of cement-emulsified asphalt mixture.” [In Chinese.] J. Chang’ an Univ. 38 (1): 41–48.
Zhang, C. H., S. J. Jiao, Q. S. Wu, and X. P. Cao. 2017. “Study of indoor compaction characteristics and compaction power of MOH material.” [In Chinese.] J. Hefei Univ. Technol. 40 (7): 938–943.
Zhang, S. Y., and J. M. Wei. 2000. “Research on mix design and construction technology for cement emulsified asphalt mixture.” [In Chinese.] J. Chongqing Jiaotong Inst. 19 (1): 72–75.
Zhang, Z. Q., Y. J. Yuan, and B. G. Wang. 2005. “Information of gyratory compaction densification curve of asphalt mixture and its application.” [In Chinese.] China J. Highway Transp. 18 (3): 1–6.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 17, 2020
Accepted: Oct 21, 2020
Published online: Mar 25, 2021
Published in print: Jun 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Aug 25, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.