Abstract

Consolidating previous research on the development of novel microcapsules for self-healing in cementitious systems, this work forms a base for developing an implementation strategy and guidance for microcapsule-based self-healing technology. The study presents details of the first commercial deployment of this technology, as a ready-mix self-healing additive for commercial application. This involved the on-site construction of two slabs in a new development at the University of Cambridge. This paper describes the optimization of the mix, the structural concept and design, and processing and casting procedures. Prior to application, the compliance and compatibility of the healing additive with the concrete according to specifications and requirements of the design were investigated, validating the use of the developed system. These were complemented by large-scale laboratory testing of the healing efficiency under damage scenarios identified as critical for the on-site application. The performance of the site installation was monitored over 12 months through a combination of nondestructive testing methods. Results are presented with durability indicators confirming the in situ enhanced performance of the proposed self-healing system.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Data Availability Statement

All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.

Acknowledgments

The financial support from EPSRC for the Resilient Materials for Life (RM4L) Programme Grant (EP/P02081X/1) is gratefully acknowledged. The authors also are particularly grateful to Paul Astle of Ramboll, Cambridge; Tom Fenner of SDC; Andy Dunlop from AECOM; Simon Smith from Smith and Wallwork; and Rachel Williams from Cambridge University Building Projects for their part in supporting and facilitating this commercial deployment.

References

AASHTO. 2017. Standard method of test for surface resistivity indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration. AASHTO T 358. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Alghamri, R., A. Kanellopoulos, and A. Al-Tabbaa. 2016. “Impregnation and encapsulation of lightweight aggregates for self-healing concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 124 (Oct): 910–921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.143.
Ali-Benyahia, K., Z.-M. Sbartaï, D. Breysse, S. Kenai, and M. Ghrici. 2017. “Analysis of the single and combined non-destructive test approaches for on-site concrete strength assessment: General statements based on a real case-study.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 6 (Jun): 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2017.01.004.
Al-Tabbaa, A., B. Lark, K. Paine, T. Jefferson, C. Litina, D. Gardner, and T. Embley. 2018. “Biomimetic cementitious construction materials for next generation infrastructure.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Smart Infrastruct. Constr. 171 (2): 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1680/jsmic.18.00005.
Al-Tabbaa, A., C. Litina, P. Giannaros, A. Kanellopoulos, and L. Souza. 2019. “First UK field application and performance of microcapsule-based self-healing concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 208 (May): 669–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.178.
Alwash, M., D. Breysse, and Z. M. Sbartaï. 2015. “Non-destructive strength evaluation of concrete: Analysis of some key factors using synthetic simulations.” Constr. Build. Mater. 99 (Nov): 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.023.
Azarsa, P., and R. Gupta. 2017. “Electrical resistivity of concrete for durability evaluation: A review.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2017 (May): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8453095.
Bjegović, D., M. Serdar, I. S. Oslaković, F. Jacobs, H. Beushausen, C. Andrade, A. V. Monteiro, P. Paulini, and S. Nanukuttan. 2016. “Test methods for concrete durability indicators.” In Performance-based specifications and control of concrete durability, 51–105. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Boh, B., and B. Šumiga. 2008. “Microencapsulation technology and its applications in building construction materials.” RMZ Mater. Geoenviron. 55 (3): 329–344.
Breysse, D. 2012. “Nondestructive evaluation of concrete strength: An historical review and a new perspective by combining NDT methods.” Constr. Build. Mater. 33 (Aug): 139–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.103.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 1992. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. General rules and rules for buildings, Eurocode 2004. BS EN 1992-1-1. London: BSI.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 2004. Testing concrete. Determination of ultrasonic pulse velocity. BS EN 12504-4:2004. London: BSI.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 2016. Testing hardened concrete. Freeze-thaw resistance with de-icing salts. Scaling. 2016. PD CEN/TS 12390-9:2016. London: BSI.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 2019a. Assessment of in-situ compressive strength in structures and precast concrete components. BS EN 13791:2019. London: BSI.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 2019b. Testing fresh concrete. Slump test. BS EN 12350-2:2019. London: BSI.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 2019c. Testing hardened concrete. Compressive strength of test specimens. BS EN 12390-3:2019. London: BSI.
Davies, R., O. Teall, M. Pilegis, A. Kanellopoulos, T. Sharma, A. Jefferson, D. Gardner, A. Al-Tabbaa, K. Paine, and R. Lark. 2018. “Large scale application of self-healing concrete: Design, construction and testing.” Front. Mater. 5 (Sep): 51. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2018.00051.
De Belie, N., et al. 2018. “A review of self-healing concrete for damage management of structures.” Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5 (17): 1800074. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201800074.
Dry, C. 1994a. “Matrix cracking repair and filling using active and passive modes for smart timed release of chemicals from fibers into cement matrices.” Smart Mater. Struct. 3 (2): 118. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/3/2/006.
Dry, C. 1994b. “Smart multiphase composite materials which repair themselves by a release of liquids which become solids.” In Vol. 2189 of Proc., Symp. on Smart Structures and Materials, 62–70. Bellingham, WA: International Society for Optics and Photonics. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.174085.
Ebensperger, L., and R. Torrent. 2011. “Concrete air permeability ‘in situ’ test: Status quo.” Rev. Ing. Constr. 25 (3): 371–382. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50732010000300003.
Epion. n.d. “Self-healing asphalt: Building roads that endure.” Accessed October 18, 2019. http://www.epionasphalt.com/.
European Commission. 2014. Business innovation observatory—Smart living: Advanced building materials. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Communities.
FIEC (European Construction Industry Federation). 2019. Key figures activity 2018, construction in Europe. Brussels, Belgium: FIEC.
Gardner, D., R. Lark, T. Jefferson, and R. Davies. 2018. “A survey on problems encountered in current concrete construction and the potential benefits of self-healing cementitious materials.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 8 (Jun): 238–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.02.002.
Ghosh, S. K. 2009. “Self-healing materials: Fundamentals, design strategies, and applications.” In Self-healing materials fundamentals, design strategies, and applications, edited by S. K. Ghosh, 1–25. Wiley-VCH.
Giannaros, P., A. Kanellopoulos, and A. Al-Tabbaa. 2016. “Sealing of cracks in cement using microencapsulated sodium silicate.” Smart Mater. Struct. 25 (8): 084005. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/8/084005.
Hall, C., and T. K.-M. Tse. 1986. “Water movement in porous building materials—VII. The sorptivity of mortars.” Build. Environ. 21 (2): 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(86)90017-X.
Hornbostel, K., C. K. Larsen, and M. R. Geiker. 2013. “Relationship between concrete resistivity and corrosion rate—A literature review.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 39 (May): 60–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.03.019.
i3P (Infrastructure Industry Innovation Partnership). 2017. Technology roadmap for UK construction & national infrastructure. London: i3P.
Infrastructure and Projects Authority. 2016. National infrastructure delivery plan 2016–2021. London: Her Majesty’s Treasury.
Jacobsen, S., and E. J. Sellevold. 1996. “Self healing of high strength concrete after deterioration by freeze/thaw.” Cem. Concr. Res. 26 (1): 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00179-4.
Jonkers, H. M. 2011. “BioConcrete: A novel bio-based material.” In Proc., European Congress of Advanced Materials and Processes, 1–2. Montpellier, France: Federation of European Materials Societies.
Kanellopoulos, A., P. Giannaros, and A. Al-Tabbaa. 2016. “The effect of varying volume fraction of microcapsules on fresh, mechanical and self-healing properties of mortars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 122 (Sep): 577–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.119.
Kanellopoulos, A., P. Giannaros, D. Palmer, A. Kerr, and A. Al-Tabbaa. 2017. “Polymeric microcapsules with switchable mechanical properties for self-healing concrete: Synthesis, characterisation and proof of concept.” Smart Mater. Struct. 26 (4): 045025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aa516c.
Kanellopoulos, A., T. Qureshi, and A. Al-Tabbaa. 2015. “Encapsulated mineral precursors for self-healing cement based composites.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Self-Healing Materials. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. http://icshm2015.pratt.duke.edu/sites/icshm2015.pratt.duke.edu/files/webform/extendedabstracts/CM-100_Encapsulated%20mineral%20precursors%20for%20self-healing%20cement%20based%20composites.pdf.
Langford, P., and J. Broomfield. 1987. “Monitoring the corrosion of reinforcing steel.” Constr. Repair 1 (2): 32–36.
Lychgate. 2016. Self-healing concrete—Potential applications and benefits. Reading, UK: Lychgate Projects.
ONS (Office for National Statistics). 2016. “Construction output in Great Britain: May 2016.” Accessed October 15, 2019. https://www.ons.gov.uk/.
Polder, R., C. Andrade, B. Eslener, O. Vennesland, J. Gulikers, R. Weidert, and M. Raupach. 2000. “RILEM TC 154-EMC: Electrochemical techniques for measuring metallic corrosion. Test methods for on site measurement of resistivity of concrete.” Mater. Struct. 33 (10): 603–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02480599.
Proceq. 2013. Using EXCEL to determine SONREB curve coefficients. Schwerzenbach, Switzerland: Proceq.
Pucinotti, R. 2015. “Reinforced concrete structure: Non destructive in situ strength assessment of concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 75 (Jan): 331–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.023.
RILEM TC 43-CND. 1993. “Draft recommendation for in situ concrete strength determination by combined non-destructive methods.” Mater. Struct. 26 (Jan): 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472237.
RILEM Technical Committee 221-SHC. 2013. Self-healing phenomena in cement-based materials. Edited by M. de Rooij, K. Van Tittelboom, N. De Belie, and E. Schlangen. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6624-2.
Romer, M. 2005. “Effect of moisture and concrete composition on the torrent permeability measurement.” Mater. Struct. 38 (5): 541–547. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02479545.
SIA (Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects). 2013. Annex E concrete construction-complementary specification, annex E: Air permeability on the structures. SN 505 262/1. Zurich, Switzerland: SIA.
Sierra-Beltran, M. G., H. M. Jonkers, and W. Mera-Ortiz. 2015. “Field application of self-healing concrete with natural fibres as linings for irrigation canals in Ecuador.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Self-Healing Materials, 32. Delft, Netherlands: TU Delft. http://icshm2015.pratt.duke.edu/sites/icshm2015.pratt.duke.edu/files/u9/ICSHM2015_MGSB_255_0.pdf.
Sommer, H. 1979. “The precision of the microscopical determination of the air-void system in hardened concrete.” Cem. Concr. Aggregates 1 (2): 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1520/CCA10403J.
Souza, L. R. 2017. “Design and synthesis of microcapsules using microfluidics for autonomic self-healing in cementitious materials.” Ph.D. dissertation, Engineering Dept., Univ. of Cambridge.
Stewart, A. 2016. “The ‘living concrete’ that can heal itself.” Accessed October 15, 2019. https://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/14/tech/bioconcrete-delft-jonkers/index.html.
Teall, O., R. Davies, M. Pilegis, A. Kanellopoulos, T. Sharma, K. Paine, A. Jefferson, R. Lark, D. Gardner, and A. Al-Tabbaa. 2016. “Self-healing concrete full-scale site trials.” In Proc., 11th fib Int. Ph.D. Symp. in Civil Engineering, edited by K. Maekawa, A. Kasuga, and J. Yamazaki, 639–646. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Teall, O., M. Pilegis, R. Davies, J. Sweeney, T. Jefferson, R. Lark, and D. Gardner. 2018. “A shape memory polymer concrete crack closure system activated by electrical current.” Smart Mater. Struct. 27 (7): 075016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aac28a.
Torrent, R., E. Denarie, F. Jacobs, A. Leemann, and T. Teruzzi. 2012. “Specification and site control of the permeability of the cover concrete: The Swiss approach.” Mater. Corros. 63 (12): 1127–1133. https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201206710.
Torrent, R. J. 1992. “A two-chamber vacuum cell for measuring the coefficient of permeability to air of the concrete cover on site.” Mater. Struct. 25 (6): 358–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472595.
Tziviloglou, E., V. Wiktor, H. M. Jonkers, and E. Schlangen. 2016. “Bacteria-based self-healing concrete to increase liquid tightness of cracks.” Constr. Build. Mater. 122 (Sep): 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.080.
Wang, X., et al. 2019. “Laboratory and field study on the performance of microcapsule-based self-healing concrete in tunnel engineering.” Constr. Build. Mater. 220 (Sep): 90–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.017.
Wang, X., F. Xing, M. Zhang, N. Han, and Z. Qian. 2013. “Experimental study on cementitious composites embedded with organic microcapsules.” Materials 6 (9): 4064–4081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6094064.
Wiktor, V., and H. M. Jonkers. 2015. “Field performance of bacteria-based repair system: Pilot study in a parking garage.” Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 2 (Jun): 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2014.12.004.
Wiktor, V., and H. M. Jonkers. 2016. “Bacteria-based concrete: from concept to market.” Smart Mater. Struct. 25 (8): 084006. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/8/084006.
World Economic Forum. 2016. Shaping the future of construction: A breakthrough in mindset and technology. Geneva: World Economic Forum.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33Issue 6June 2021

History

Received: Oct 25, 2019
Accepted: Oct 6, 2020
Published online: Mar 17, 2021
Published in print: Jun 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Aug 17, 2021

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Research Associate, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge, Civil Engineering Bldg., JJ Thomson Ave. 7a, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8020-7524. Email: [email protected]
Ph.D. Researcher, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge, Civil Engineering Bldg., JJ Thomson Ave. 7a, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1885-7152
Jingtao Chen
Ph.D. Researcher, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge, Civil Engineering Bldg., JJ Thomson Ave. 7a, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK.
Zijing Li
Ph.D. Researcher, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge, Civil Engineering Bldg., JJ Thomson Ave. 7a, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK.
Ioanna Papanikolaou, Ph.D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0030-7243
Ph.D. Researcher, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge, Civil Engineering Bldg., JJ Thomson Ave. 7a, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK; presently, Assistant Manager, Infrastructure Advisory Group, KPMG, Canada Square 15, Canary Wharf, London E14 5GL, UK. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0030-7243
Abir Al-Tabbaa, Ph.D.
CEng.
Professor, Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge, Civil Engineering Bldg., JJ Thomson Ave. 7a, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share