Influence of Coarse Aggregate Morphological Properties on the Performances of Warm-Mix Asphalt Containing Recycled Asphalt Pavement
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33, Issue 5
Abstract
The properties of asphalt and aggregate in the warm-mix asphalt (WMA) containing recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) are critical to the mixture performances. This study quantified the effects of the morphological properties of WMA-containing RAP through the gray correlation analysis. The properties of asphalt and aggregate involved in this study included RAP content, two-dimensional morphological properties of recycled coarse aggregate, three-dimensional angle of recycled coarse aggregate, and surface free energy of recycled asphalt. The high-temperature performance represented by dynamic stability, low-temperature indicated by maximum bending strain, and moisture susceptibility characterized by the tensile strength ratio were chosen as the criteria for evaluating the impacts of different factors. The results showed that the RAP content had the greatest influence on high-temperature performance, followed by recycled asphalt’s surface free energy (SFE), and aggregate sphericity. The irregular shape factor of aggregate particles significantly influenced the mixture’s low-temperature properties. The SFE of asphalt was pivotal to the moisture susceptibility, and samples with higher SFE of asphalt presented better moisture damage resistance.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No. 51708072), the Science and Technology Commission Project of Chongqing (Grant Nos. cstc2016jcyjA1499 and cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0302), the Science and Technology Department Project of Sichuan (Grant No. 2019YJ0714).
References
Al-Bayati, H. K. A., and S. L. Tighe. 2019. “Effect of recycled concrete aggregate on rutting and stiffness characteristics of asphalt mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (10): 04019219. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002810.
Al-Bayati, H. K. A., S. L. Tighe, and J. Achebe. 2018. “Influence of recycled concrete aggregate on volumetric properties of hot mix asphalt.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 130 (Mar): 200–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.11.027.
Behnood, A. 2020. “A review of the warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies: Effects on thermo-mechanical and rheological properties.” J. Cleaner Prod. 2020 (Mar): 120817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120817.
Bhasin, A., D. N. Little, K. L. Vasconcelos, and E. Masad. 2007. “Surface free energy to identify moisture sensitivity of materials for asphalt mixes.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2001 (1): 37–45. https://doi.org/10.3141/2001-05.
Cheng, D., D. N. Little, R. L. Lytton, and J. C. Holste. 2002. “Use of surface free energy properties of the asphalt-aggregate system to predict moisture damage potential (with discussion).” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol. 75 (2): 168–177.
Chinese Standards. 2011. Standard test methods of bitumen and bituminous mixture for highway engineering. JTG E20-2011. Beijing, China: China Communications Press.
Cong, L., L. Tan, M. Wu, and F. Chen. 2019. “Long term anti-sliding performance attenuation model of asphalt mixture based on aggregate characteristics.” J. Tongji Univ. 47 (May): 668–672.
Deng, J. 1982. “Control problems of grey systems.” Syst. Control Lett. 1 (5): 288–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6911(82)80025-X.
Ding, Y., X. Cao, H. Gong, B. Huang, and P. Guo. 2020. “Evaluating recycling efficiency of plant-asphalt mixtures containing rap/ras.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (11): 04020316. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003373.
Du, J. C., and S. A. Cross. 2007. “Cold in-place recycling pavement rutting prediction model using grey modeling method.” Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (5): 921–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.06.001.
Fakhri, M., and S. A. Hosseini. 2017. “Laboratory evaluation of rutting and moisture damage resistance of glass fiber modified warm mix asphalt incorporating high rap proportion.” Constr. Build. Mater. 134 (Mar): 626–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.168.
Garg, N., H. Kazmee, L. Ricalde, and T. Parsons. 2018. “Rutting evaluation of hot and warm mix asphalt concrete under high aircraft tire pressure and temperature at national airport pavement and materials research center.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2672 (23): 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118794293.
Ghabchi, R., D. Singh, and M. Zaman. 2014. “Evaluation of moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixes containing rap and different types of aggregates and asphalt binders using the surface free energy method.” Constr. Build. Mater. 73 (Dec): 479–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.042.
Gong, H., B. Huang, and X. Shu. 2018. “Field performance evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing high percentage of RAP using LTPP data.” Constr. Build. Mater. 176 (Jul): 118–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.007.
Guo, N., Z. You, Y. Tan, and Y. Zhao. 2017. “Performance evaluation of warm mix asphalt containing reclaimed asphalt mixtures.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 18 (11): 981–989. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2016.1138114.
Guo, N., Z. You, Y. Zhao, Y. Tan, and A. Diab. 2014. “Laboratory performance of warm mix asphalt containing recycled asphalt mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 64 (Aug): 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.002.
Guo, P., X. Cao, and B. Tang. 2015. “Research on aggregate-asphalt adhesion of WMA containing RAP.” J. Build. Mater. 18 (2): 312–314.
Guo, P., Y. Feng, W. Wei, L. He, and B. Tang. 2019. “Adhesion of warm-mix recycled asphalt aggregate mixtures based on surface free energy theory.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (10): 04019209. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002802.
Hill, B., B. Behnia, S. Hakimzadeh, W. G. Buttlar, and H. Reis. 2012. “Evaluation of low-temperature cracking performance of warm-mix asphalt mixtures.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2294 (1): 81–88. https://doi.org/10.3141/2294-09.
Kong, X., J. Zhang, X. Yuan, and C. Wang. 2016. “Study on influencing factors of anti rutting performance of asphalt pavement.” J. China Foreign Highway 36 (3): 43–48. https://doi.org/10.14048/j.issn.1671-2579.2016.03.009.
Li, J., J. Zhang, G. Qian, J. Zheng, and Y. Zhang. 2019. “Three-dimensional simulation of aggregate and asphalt mixture using parameterized shape and size gradation.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (3): 04019004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002623.
Little, D. N., and B. Amit. 2006. Using surface energy measurements to select materials for asphalt pavement. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Liu, S., J. Forrest, and Y. Yang. 2011. “A brief introduction to grey systems theory.” In Proc., 2011 IEEE Int. Conf. on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services, 1–9. New York: IEEE.
Ma, H., Z. Zhang, X. Zhao, and S. Wu. 2019. “A comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of warm mix asphalt (WMA) and hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavement: A case study in China.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2019 (Sep): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9391857.
Martinho, F., L. Picado-Santos, and S. Capitao. 2018. “Influence of recycled concrete and steel slag aggregates on warm-mix asphalt properties.” Constr. Build. Mater. 185 (Oct): 684–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.041.
Masad, E., C. Zollinger, R. Bulut, D. Little, R. Lytton, H. Khalid, R. Davis, T. Scarpas, E. Fini, and A. Guarin. 2006. “Characterization of HMA moisture damage using surface energy and fracture properties.” In Asphalt paving technology: Association of asphalt paving technologists, 713–754. Lino Lakes, MN: Association of Asphalt Paving Technologist.
Mullapudi, R. S., and K. Sudhakar Reddy. 2020. “An investigation on the relationship between ftir indices and surface free energy of rap binders.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 21 (5): 1326–1340. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2018.1552889.
Nwakaire, C. M., S. P. Yap, C. C. Onn, C. W. Yuen, and H. A. Ibrahim. 2020. “Utilisation of recycled concrete aggregates for sustainable highway pavement applications: A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 235 (Feb): 117444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117444.
Pasandín, A., I. Pérez, L. Caamaño, N. Pérez-Barge, and B. Gómez-Meijide. 2018. “Feasibility of using recycled concrete aggregates for half-warm mix asphalt.” Mater. Struct. 51 (4): 81. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-018-1212-1.
Research Institute of Highway. 2011. Standard test methods of bitumen and bituminous mixtures of highway engineering. Boca Raton, FL: Research Institute of Highway.
Sadek, H., M. Sadeq, E. Masad, H. Al-Khalid, and O. Sirin. 2019. “Probabilistic viscoelastic continuum damage analysis of fatigue life of warm-mix asphalt.” J. Transp. Eng., Part B: Pavements 145 (3): 04019024. https://doi.org/10.1061/JPEODX.0000128.
Song, W., B. Huang, and X. Shu. 2018. “Influence of warm-mix asphalt technology and rejuvenator on performance of asphalt mixtures containing 50% reclaimed asphalt pavement.” J. Cleaner Prod. 192 (Aug): 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.269.
Sun, W., L. Wang, and E. Tutumluer. 2012. “Image analysis technique for aggregate morphology analysis with two-dimensional Fourier transform method.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2267 (1): 3–13. https://doi.org/10.3141/2267-01.
Tran, N. H., A. Taylor, and R. Willis. 2012. Effect of rejuvenator on performance properties of HMA mixtures with high RAP and RAS contents. NCAT Report 12-05. Auburn, AL: National Center for Asphalt Technology.
Xiao, F., B. Putman, and S. Amirkhanian. 2015. “Rheological characteristics investigation of high percentage RAP binders with WMA technology at various aging states.” Constr. Build. Mater. 98 (Nov): 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.114.
Xiao, F., N. Su, S. Yao, S. Amirkhanian, and J. Wang. 2019. “Performance grades, environmental and economic investigations of reclaimed asphalt pavement materials.” J. Cleaner Prod. 211 (Feb): 1299–1312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.126.
Xu, Y., Z. Chou, Y. Li, J. Ji, and S. F. Xu. 2019. “Effect of blending degree between virgin and aged binder on pavement performance of recycled asphalt mixture with high rap content.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2019 (Sep): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5741642.
Yu, J., X. Zhang, and C. Xiong. 2017. “A methodology for evaluating micro-surfacing treatment on asphalt pavement based on grey system models and grey rational degree theory.” Constr. Build. Mater. 150 (Sep): 214–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.181.
Zhao, S., B. Huang, X. Shu, J. Moore, and B. Bowers. 2016. “Effects of WMA technologies on asphalt binder blending.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (2): 04015106. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001381.
Zhu, J., K. Zhang, K. Liu, and X. Shi. 2019. “Performance of hot and warm mix asphalt mixtures enhanced by nano-sized graphene oxide.” Constr. Build. Mater. 217 (Aug): 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.054.
Ziari, H., A. Moniri, and N. Norouzi. 2019. “The effect of nanoclay as bitumen modifier on rutting performance of asphalt mixtures containing high content of rejuvenated reclaimed asphalt pavement.” Pet. Sci. Technol. 37 (17): 1946–1951. https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2018.1471489.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33 • Issue 5 • May 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 14, 2020
Accepted: Sep 22, 2020
Published online: Feb 26, 2021
Published in print: May 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Jul 26, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.