Laboratory Investigation of Fog-Seal Treatment on Performance of Open-Graded Friction Course Pavement
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33, Issue 3
Abstract
Open-graded friction course (OGFC), also called permeable friction course (PFC), is a thin and permeable asphalt concrete whose skeleton is composed mainly of coarse aggregate, leading to an immediate drainage of water and an adequate frictional resistance, thus reducing traffic accidents and improving driving environments on rainy days. However, high porosity and open aggregate structures may readily contribute to stripping and raveling of OGFC. Application of fog seal on slightly cracked and/or raveled OGFC is one preventive measure to extend its service life. This study quantitively examined the influence of fog-seal application on the OGFC’s behavior, such as water permeability, skid resistance, and raveling susceptibility. Laboratory tests, including the permeability test, texture depth test, and loaded wheel abrasion test, were conducted on samples obtained from the lane and shoulder in a section of OGFC pavement. Results demonstrate that as fog-seal application rate increased, permeability decreased. Fog seal temporarily reduced the texture depth. However, texture depth could be recovered after the loaded wheel test. Obviously, fog seal can play a beneficial role on abrasion resistance, thereby presenting a potential to ameliorate the durability of OGFC pavements.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from the Tennessee DOT. The coordination and cooperation from Tennessee DOT staff and engineers in the field work is also recognized. Thanks also go to Pavement Technology for help with the LWT abrasion test.
References
Ahammed, M. A., and S. L. Tighe. 2011. “Asphalt pavements surface texture and skid resistance—Exploring the reality.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 39 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1139/l11-109.
Alvarez, A. E., A. E. Martin, and C. Estakhri. 2011. “A review of mix design and evaluation research for permeable friction course mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (3): 1159–1166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.09.038.
Arámbula-Mercado, E., R. A. Hill, S. Caro, L. Manrique, E. S. Park, and E. Fernando. 2016. Understanding mechanisms of raveling to extend open graded friction course (OGFC) service life. Tallahassee, FL: Florida DOT.
ASTM. 2019. Standard test method for measuring pavement macrotexture depth using a volumetric technique. ASTM E965-15. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Belheine, N., J.-P. Plassiard, F.-V. Donzé, F. Darve, and A. Seridi. 2009. “Numerical simulation of drained triaxial test using 3D discrete element modeling.” Comput. Geotech. 36 (1–2): 320–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.02.003.
Berengier, M. C., M. R. Stinson, G. A. Daigle, and J. F. Hamet. 1997. “Porous road pavements: Acoustical characterization and propagation effects.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101 (1): 155–162.
Caltrans, S. 2000. Maintenance technical advisory guide (TAG). Rosemont, IL: American Concrete Pavement Association.
Chan, F. K. S., J. A. Griffiths, D. Higgitt, S. Xu, F. Zhu, Y.-T. Tang, Y. Xu, and C. R. Throne. 2018. “‘Sponge City’ in China—A breakthrough of planning and flood risk management in the urban context.” Land Use Policy 76 (Jul): 772–778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.03.005.
Cheng, D., L. Lane, and P. Vacura. 2015. “Performance evaluation of fog and rejuvenating seals on gap and open graded surfaces by Caltrans.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 8 (3): 159–166.
Collins, R., H. Shami, and J. Lai. 1996. “Use of Georgia loaded wheel tester to evaluate rutting of asphalt samples prepared by superpave gyratory compactor.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1545 (1): 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154500121.
Cooley, L., P. S. Kandhal, M. S. Buchanan, F. Fee, and A. Epps. 2000. Loaded wheel testers in the United States: State of the practice. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council.
Cuelho, E. V., R. L. Mokwa, and M. Akin. 2006. Preventive maintenance treatments of flexible pavements: A synthesis of highway practice. Helena, MT: Montana Dept. of Transportation, Research Programs.
Dong, Q., H. Wu, B. Huang, X. Shu, and K. Wang. 2012. “Investigation into laboratory abrasion test methods for pervious concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25 (7): 886–892. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000683.
Estakhri, C. K., and H. Agarwal. 1991. Effectiveness of fog seals and rejuvenators for bituminous pavement surfaces. College Station, TX: Texas Transportation Institute.
Flintsch, G., E. de León, K. McGhee, and I. AI-Qadi. 2003. “Pavement surface macrotexture measurement and applications.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1860 (1): 168–177. https://doi.org/10.3141/1860-19.
Gołebiewski, R., R. Makarewicz, M. Nowak, and A. Preis. 2003. “Traffic noise reduction due to the porous road surface.” Appl. Acoust. 64 (5): 481–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-682X(02)00124-X.
Hanson, D. I., and B. D. Prowell. 2004. Evaluation of circular texture meter for measuring surface texture of pavements.. Auburn, AL: National Center for Asphalt Technology.
Hazzar, L., M. Nuth, and M. Chekired. 2020. “DEM simulation of drained triaxial tests for glass-beads.” Powder Technol. 364 (Mar): 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2019.09.095.
Hernandez-Saenz, M. A., S. Caro, E. Arámbula-Mercado, and A. E. Martin. 2016. “Mix design, performance and maintenance of permeable friction courses (PFC) in the United States: State of the art.” Constr. Build. Mater. 111 (May): 358–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.053.
Huber, G. 2000. Performance survey on open-graded friction course mixes. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Jahren, C., D. E. Smith, and C. Plymesser. 2007. Thin maintenance surfaces for municipalities. Ames, IA: Center for Transportation Research and Education, Iowa State Univ.
Johanns, M., and J. Craig. 2002. Pavement maintenance manual. Lincoln, NE: Nebraska Dept. of Roads.
Kandhal, P. S., and L. A. Cooley. 2003. Accelerated laboratory rutting tests: Evaluation of the asphalt pavement analyzer. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Kim, S., J. A. Musselman, and G. A. Sholar. 2014. Evaluation of fog seal preservation technique on US 17 and US 27. Tallahassee, FL: Florida DOT.
King, W., Jr., S. Kabir, S. B. Cooper, Jr., and C. Abadie. 2013. Evaluation of open graded friction course (OGFC) mixtures. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana Dept. of Transportation and Development.
Kline, L. C. 2010. Comparison of open graded friction course mix design methods currently used in the United States. Clemson, SC: Clemson Univ.
Li, X., J. Li, X. Fang, Y. Gong, and W. Wang. 2016. “Case studies of the sponge city program in China.” In Proc., World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016, 295–308. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Lin, J., P. Guo, L. Wan, and S. Wu. 2012. “Laboratory investigation of rejuvenator seal materials on performances of asphalt mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 37 (Dec): 41–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.008.
Mallick, R., P. Kandhal, L. A. Cooley, and D. Watson. 2000. “Design construction and performance of new-generation open-graded friction courses.” Asphalt Paving Technol. 69: 391–423.
Mo, L., M. Huurman, S. Wu, and A. A. Molenaar. 2007. “Investigation into stress states in porous asphalt concrete on the basis of FE-modelling.” Finite Elem. Anal. Des. 43 (4): 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2006.11.004.
NCHRP (National Cooperative Highway Research Program). 2011. Vol. 673 of A manual for design of hot-mix asphalt with commentary. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Nielsen, C. B. 2006. Durability of porous asphalt: International experience. Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish Road Directorate.
Prapaitrakul, N., T. Freeman, and C. J. Glover. 2005. Analyze existing fog seal asphalts and additives: Literature review. College Station, TX: Texas Transportation Institute.
Praticò, F., and R. Vaiana. 2015. “A study on the relationship between mean texture depth and mean profile depth of asphalt pavements.” Constr. Build. Mater. 101 (Dec): 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.021.
Qureshi, N. A., N. H. Tran, D. Watson, and S. M. Jamil. 2013. “Effects of rejuvenator seal and fog seal on performance of open-graded friction course pavement.” Maejo Int. J. Sci. Technol. 7 (2): 189.
Roque, R., C. Koh, Y. Chen, X. Sun, and G. Lopp. 2009. Introduction of fracture resistance to the design and evaluation of open graded friction courses in Florida. Tallahassee, FL: Florida DOT.
Rungruangvirojn, P., and K. Kanitpong. 2010. “Measurement of visibility loss due to splash and spray: Porous, SMA and conventional asphalt pavements.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 11 (6): 499–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430903578945.
Shatnawi, S. 2008. Maintenance technical advisory guide volume I—Flexible pavement preservation. Sacramento, CA: California DOT.
Shatnawi, S., and B. Toepfer. 2003. Fog seal guidelines. Sacramento, CA: Office of Flexible Pavement Materials.
Skok, E. L., E. N. Johnson, and A. Turk. 2002. Asphalt pavement analyzer (APA) evaluation. Saint Paul, MN: Minnesota DOT.
Song, W., X. Shu, B. Huang, and M. Woods. 2015. “Factors affecting shear strength between open-graded friction course and underlying layer.” Constr. Build. Mater. 101 (Dec): 527–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.036.
Song, W., X. Shu, B. Huang, and M. Woods. 2016. “Laboratory investigation of interlayer shear fatigue performance between open-graded friction course and underlying layer.” Constr. Build. Mater. 115 (Jul): 381–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.060.
Stempihar, J., T. Pourshams-Manzouri, K. Kaloush, and M. Rodezno. 2012. “Porous asphalt pavement temperature effects for urban heat island analysis.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2293 (1): 123–130. https://doi.org/10.3141/2293-15.
Steven, B., C. L. Monismith, and B.-W. Tsai. 2009. Friction testing of pavement preservation treatments: Friction measurements on fog seal trials using six rejuvenators, state route KER58. Sacramento, CA: California DOT.
Takahashi, S. 2013. “Comprehensive study on the porous asphalt effects on expressways in Japan: Based on field data analysis in the last decade.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 14 (2): 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2013.779298.
Tennessee DOT. 2015. Standard specifications for road and bridge construction. Nashville, TN: Tennessee DOT.
Tran, N., D. E. Watson, and N. Anwer. 2012. Effect of using fog seals without sanding on surface friction and durability of open-graded friction course. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Wang, H., and G. W. Flintsch. 2007. “Investigation of short- and long-term variations of pavement surface characteristics at the Virginia smart road.” In Proc., 86th Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Wu, H., B. Huang, and X. Shu. 2013. “Characterizing fatigue behavior of asphalt mixtures utilizing loaded wheel tester.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 26 (1): 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000791.
Wu, H., B. Huang, X. Shu, and Q. Dong. 2010. “Laboratory evaluation of abrasion resistance of Portland cement pervious concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (5): 697–702. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000210.
Wu, H., J. Yu, W. Song, J. Zou, Q. Song, and L. Zhou. 2020. “A critical state-of-the-art review of durability and functionality of open-graded friction course mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 237 (Mar): 117759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117759.
Yamaguchi, M., H. Nakagawa, and T. Mizuno. 1999. “Sound absorption mechanism of porous asphalt pavement.” J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn. (E) 20 (1): 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1250/ast.20.29.
Zhao, S., B. Huang, X. Shu, and M. Woods. 2013. “Comparative evaluation of warm mix asphalt containing high percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 44 (Jul): 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.010.
Zoorob, S., A. Collop, and S. Brown. 2002. Performance of bituminous and hydraulic materials in pavements. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33 • Issue 3 • March 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 24, 2020
Accepted: Aug 11, 2020
Published online: Jan 4, 2021
Published in print: Mar 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Jun 4, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.