Sustainable Utilization of Paper-Industry Lime Sludge through Development of Metakaolinite-Based Cementitious Binder
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33, Issue 3
Abstract
The emphasis of the current study was on the calcination of lime sludge, performed at different temperatures from 650°C to 750°C, which consumes less energy as compared to the industrial process of calcination. Different proportions of calcined lime sludge and raw lime sludge were used with cement to form cementitious binders. M25 grade concrete was prepared with the application of the prepared binders and tested for strength properties at 7 and 28 days of curing. The binder consisted of 10% substitution of cement with as-received lime sludge and 30% substitution with calcined lime sludge and produced a compressive strength of concrete approximately similar to the control concrete. Reactive lime and metakaolinite performed an active role after the calcination of lime sludge at 650°C, which worked as pozzolana. This effect is also confirmed with isothermal calorimetry of the prepared binder. The prepared binder was sustainable with approximately 20% less production cost and 55% less emission of greenhouse gases as compared to ordinary portland cement.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial assistance provided to the principal investigator under the CSIR-FTT project “Valorization of lime sludge through development of environmental friendly building products.”
References
Alam, M., and V. Berera. 2015. “An experimental study on use of hypo sludge in cement concrete.” Int. J. Progr. Civ. Eng. 2 (1): 1–23.
ASTM. 2008. Standard test methods for apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific gravity and bulk density of burned refectory brick and shapes by boiling water. ASTM C642-06. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2019. Standard specification for portland cement. ASTM C150/C150M-19a. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bras, I., R. Almeida, P. C. Silva, and L. Marques. 2016. “Industrial waste valorization to produce eco-materials for construction applications.” Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev. 7 (8): 559–562. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2016.7.8.839.
Buruberri, L. H., M. P. Seabra, and J. A. Labrincha. 2015. “Preparation of clinker from paper pulp industry wastes.” J. Hazard. Mater. 286 (Apr): 252–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.053.
Caballero, L. R., M. D. D. M. Paiva, E. D. M. R. Fairbairn, and R. D. Toledo Filho. 2019. “Thermal, mechanical and microstructural analysis of metakaolin based geopolymers.” Mater. Res. 22 (2): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2018-0716.
Cabrera, J., and M. F. Rojas. 2001. “Mechanism of hydration of the metakaolinite-lime-water system.” Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (2): 177–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00456-7.
Frias, M., R. García, R. Vigil, and S. Ferreiro. 2008. “Calcination of art paper sludge waste for the use as a supplementary cementing material.” Appl. Clay Sci. 42 (1–2): 189–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2008.01.013.
Frías, M., O. Rodríguez, M.I. Sánchez de Rojas, S. Ferreiro, B. Nebreda, and J. Olmeda. 2010. “New construction materials: Calcined paper sludges as active additions.” Mater. Sci. Forum 636: 1222–1227. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.636-637.1222.
Froaas, M., and J. Cabrera. 2001. “Influence of MK on the reaction kinetics in MK/lime and MK-blended cement systems at 20°C.” Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (4): 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00465-8.
Gao, N., J. Li, B. Qi, A. Li, Y. Duan, and Z. Wang. 2014. “Thermal analysis and products distribution of dried sewage sludge pyrolysis.” J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 105 (J): 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.10.002.
Garcia, R., R. V. de la Villa, I. Vegas, M. Frias, and M. S. de Rojas. 2008. “The pozzolanic properties of paper sludge waste.” Constr. Build. Mater. 22 (7): 1484–1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.03.033.
Ilic, B. R., A. A. Mitrovic, and L. R. Milicic. 2010. “Thermal treatment of kaolin clay to obtain metakaolin.” Hemijska Industrija 64 (4): 351–356. https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND100322014I.
IS (Indian Standards). 1959. Methods of tests for strength of concrete. IS 516-1959. New Delhi, India: IS.
IS (Indian Standards). 2009a. Concrete mix proportioning—Guidelines (First revision). IS 10262-2009. New Delhi, India: IS.
IS (Indian Standards). 2009b. Method of chemical analysis of hydraulic cement. IS 4032-1985. New Delhi, India: IS.
IS (Indian Standards). 2015. Ordinary portland cement specification (Sixth revision). IS 269-2015). New Delhi, India: IS.
Jo, B. W., C. H. Kim, G. H. Tae, and J. B. Park. 2007. “Characteristics of cement mortar with nano- particles.” Const. Build. Mater. 21 (6): 1351–1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.12.020.
Kumar, K. A., K. Rajasekhar, and C. Sashidhar. 2016. “Experimental investigation on fly ash and lime sludge in cement mortar.” Int. J. Latest Technol. Eng. Manage. Appl. Sci. (IJLTEMAS) 5 (2): 2278–2540.
Lang, L., B. Chen, and N. Li. 2020a. “Utilization of lime/carbide slag-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag for dredged sludge stabilization.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2020.1741050.
Lang, L., N. Liu, and B. Chen. 2020b. “Strength development of solidified dredged sludge containing humic acid with cement, lime and nano-.” Constr. Build. Mater. 230 (Jan): 116971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116971.
Maheswaran, S., S. Kalaiselvam, S. Arunbalaji, G. S. Palani, and N. R. Iyer. 2015. “Low-temperature preparation of belite from lime sludge and nanosilica through solid-state reaction.” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 119 (3): 1845–1852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-4371-5.
Mollah, M. Y. A., W. Yu, R. Schennach, and D. L. Cocke. 2000. “A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic investigation of the early hydration of portland cement and the influence of sodium lignosulfonate.” Cem. Concr. Res. 30 (2): 267–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00243-4.
Pang, X., D. P. Bentz, C. Meyer, G. P. Funkhouser, and R. Darbe. 2013. “A comparison study of portland cement hydration kinetics as measured by chemical shrinkage and isothermal calorimetry.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 39 (May): 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.03.007.
Pera, J., and A. Amrouz. 2007. “Mineralogical and morphological changes of calcined paper sludge at different temperatures and retention in furnace.” Appl. Clay Sci. 36 (4): 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2006.10.001.
Rani, A., S. Sanal, T. Jacob, G. Jacob, P. K. Desy, and N. K. Manivarnan. 2014. “Silica nano particles synthesized from boiler spent ash: Value addition to an industrial waste.” Chem. Mater. Res. 6 (6): 93–99.
Report Paper. 2011. “Report paper.” Accessed November 14, 2011. http://planningcommission.gov.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp12/wgp.pdf.
Sabir, B. B., S. Wild, and J. Bai. 2001. “Metakaolin and calcined clays as pozzolans for concrete: A review.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 23 (6): 441–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(00)00092-5.
Sahu, V., and V. Gayathri. 2014. “The use of fly ash and lime sludge as partial replacement of cement in mortar.” Int. J. Eng. Technol. Innovation (IJEIT) 4 (1): 30–37.
Singh, M., and M. Garg. 2006. “Reactive pozzolana from Indian clays—Their use in cement mortars.” Cem. Concr. Res. 36 (Oct): 1903–1907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.12.002.
Singh, S. K., S. Kulkarni, V. Kumar, and P. Vashistha. 2018. “Sustainable utilization of deinking paper mill sludge for the manufacture of building bricks.” J. Cleaner Prod. 204 (Dec): 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.028.
Singh, S. K., A. Singh, B. Singh, and P. Vashistha. 2020. “Application of thermo-chemically activated lime sludge in production of sustainable low clinker cementitious binders.” J. Cleaner Prod. 264 (Aug): 121570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121570.
Soni, Y. 2015. “Lime sludge: An emerging alternate construction building material for the partial replacement of fine aggregate.” In Proc., AIChE Annual Meeting. New York: American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
Suriyanarayanan, S., A. S. Mailappa, D. Jayakumar, K. Nanthakumar, K. Karthikeyan, and S. Balasubramanian. 2010. “Studies on the characterization and possibilities of reutilization of solid wastes from a waste paper based paper industry.” Global J. Environ. Res. (GJER) 4 (1): 18–22.
Talukdar, D. K. 2015. “A study of paper mill lime sludge for stabilization of village road sub-base.” Int. J. Emerging Technol. Adv. Eng. 5 (2): 389–393.
Torabian Isfahani, F., E. Redaelli, F. Lollini, W. Li, and L. Bertolini. 2016. “Effects of nanosilica on compressive strength and durability properties of concrete with different water to binder ratios.” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2016: 8453567. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8453567.
Torkashv, A. M., N. Haghighat, and V. Shadparvar. 2010. “Effect of paper mill lime sludge as an acid soil amendment.” Sci. Res. Essays 5 (11): 1302–1306. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE.9000398.
Varma, V. S., K. Ramu, and A. S. Kalamdhad. 2015. “Effects of waste lime sludge on nitrogen dynamics and stability of mixed organic waste using rotary drum composter.” J. Environ. Res. 9 (1): 395–404. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijer.2015.911.
Vashistha, P., V. Kumar, S. K. Singh, D. Dutt, G. Tomar, and P. Yadav. 2019a. “Valorization of paper mill lime sludge via application in building construction materials: A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 211 (Jun): 371–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.085.
Vashistha, P., S. K. Singh, D. Dutt, and V. Kumar. 2019b. “Sustainable utilization of paper mill solid wastes via synthesis of nano silica for production of belite based clinker.” J. Cleaner Prod. 224 (Jul): 557–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.207.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 33 • Issue 3 • March 2021
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 10, 2020
Accepted: Jul 29, 2020
Published online: Dec 26, 2020
Published in print: Mar 1, 2021
Discussion open until: May 26, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.