Effect of Sulfate Attack and Carbonation in Graphene Oxide–Reinforced Concrete Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 11
Abstract
Sulfate attack and accelerated carbonation tests were conducted on five concrete mixes made with 50% recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and 30% fly ash (FA) blended with 70% ordinary portland cement (OPC). The graphene oxide (GO) and graphene oxide ball-milled (GObm) added in the concrete mixes varied by 0.05% and 0.1% by weight of binders. The 28-day cured specimens of the mixes were exposed to sodium sulfate solution and accelerated carbonation chamber under a controlled environment. The change in mass increased but the residual compressive strength reduced with progressing exposure to sulfate solution. The carbonation depth decreased with an increase in graphene oxide inclusion in the mixes but with increasing exposure to , the carbonation depth increased. The X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was conducted on samples after 28-day exposure to sulfate solution to confirm the delayed ettringite formation and gypsums. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed on 28-day exposure to accelerated carbonation in order to understand the variation in the degradation process. The porosity and pore size distribution for the mixes with GO and GObm addition showed lesser porous compared to the mix without graphene oxide, which was confirmed from the mercury intrusion porosimeter (MIP) analysis conducted on 28-day cured specimens.
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Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge MHRD, India, for the financial support given throughout the investigation. Also, our appreciation to the material characterization facilities provided by USIF, AMU-Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh), CMSE, NIT Hamirpur (Himachal Pradesh) and MNIT, Jaipur (Rajasthan).
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Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32 • Issue 11 • November 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 2, 2020
Accepted: Apr 24, 2020
Published online: Aug 24, 2020
Published in print: Nov 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jan 24, 2021
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