Improving the Properties of RAP-RCCP Mixes by Incorporating Supplementary Cementitious Materials as Part Addition of Portland Cement
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 8
Abstract
Efforts have been made in the recent past to enhance the strength properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) concrete via inclusions of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), but only some of the durability problems could be rectified. In this study, an attempt is made to improve the performance of a roller compacted concrete pavement (RCCP) matrix containing 50% combined RAP fraction (R50 mix) by adopting a nontraditional methodology, i.e., including SCMs in additions of portland cement. The studied SCMs were silica fume (SF), fly ash (FA), and bagasse ash (BA). The results indicated that inclusions of all the SCMs (except BA) would not affect the fresh properties of R50 mix to a great extent but could degrade the quality of RCCP considerably. Microstructural analysis confirmed that asphalt cohesion failure is mainly associated with RAP mixes, with or without SCMs, and therefore, attempts to enhance the performance of RAP concrete would not be possible without removing the asphalt film. Interestingly, the considered mixes demonstrated higher flexural strength than the permissible ACI 325.10R-95 (ACI 2001) limit of 3.67 MPa for pavement application. Also, the SF and BA mixes exhibited better durability properties, in fact, better than the reference conventional mix, in terms of abrasion resistance and resistance to aggressive sulfate and chloride ions, indicating their suitability, especially in regions of aggressive ions and high-speed moving vehicles.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data related to the compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, abrasion resistance, porosity, water absorption, rate of water absorption, resistance to chloride and sulfate attack, and SEM images generated in the present study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2001. Report on roller-compacted concrete pavements. ACI 325-95. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ASTM. 2006. Standard test method for density, absorption, and voids in hardened concrete. ASTM C642. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012a. Standard test methods for chemical resistance of mortars, grouts, and monolithic surfacing and polymer concretes. ASTM C267. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012b. Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort. ASTM D 1557. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2013. Standard test method for measurement of rate of absorption of water by hydraulic cement concretes. ASTM D1585. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015. Standard test method for determining potential resistance to degradation of pervious concrete by impact and abrasion 1. ASTM C1747. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1959. Method of tests for strength of concrete. IS 516. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1970. Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete. IS 383. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 1999. Splitting tensile strength of concrete. IS 5816. New Delhi, India: BIS.
Brand, A. S., and J. R. Roesler. 2017a. “Bonding in cementitious materials with asphalt-coated particles. I: The interfacial transition zone.” Constr. Build. Mater. 130 (Jan): 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.019.
Brand, A. S., and J. R. Roesler. 2017b. “Bonding in cementitious materials with asphalt-coated particles. II: Cement-asphalt chemical interactions.” Constr. Build. Mater. 130 (Jan): 182–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.013.
Debbarma, S., G. D. Ransinchung, and S. Singh. 2019a. “Feasibility of roller compacted concrete pavement containing different fractions of reclaimed asphalt pavement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 199 (Feb): 508–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.047.
Debbarma, S., G. D. Ransinchung, and S. Singh. 2019b. “Suitability of various supplementary cementitious admixtures for RAP inclusive RCCP mixes.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2019.1703981.
Debbarma, S., G. D. Ransinchung, and S. Singh. 2020a. “Zinc waste as a substitution of portland cement in roller compacted-concrete pavement mixes containing RAP aggregates.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. https://doi.org/10.161/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003278.
Debbarma, S., G. D. Ransinchung, S. Singh, and S. Kant. 2020b. “Resources, conservation and recycling utilization of industrial and agricultural wastes for productions of sustainable roller compacted concrete pavement mixes containing reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 152 (Jan): 104504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104504.
Debbarma, S., S. Singh, and G. D. Ransinchung. 2019c. “Laboratory investigation on the fresh, mechanical, and durability properties of roller compacted concrete pavement containing reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2673 (10): 652–662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198119849585.
Delwar, M., M. Fahmy, and R. Taha. 1997. “Use of reclaimed asphalt pavement as an aggregate in portland cement concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 94 (3): 251–256.
Dourado, E. R., B. S. Pizzorno, L. M. Motta, R. A. Simao, and L. F. Leite. 2014. “Analysis of asphaltic binders modified with PPA by surface techniques.” J. Microsc. 254 (3): 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.12123.
Fakhri, M., and E. Amoosoltani. 2017. “The effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement and crumb rubber on mechanical properties of roller compacted concrete pavement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 137 (Apr): 470–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.136.
Ferrebee, E. C., A. S. Brand, A. S. Kachwalla, J. R. Roesler, D. J. Gancarz, and J. E. Pforr. 2014. “Fracture properties of roller-compacted concrete with virgin and recycled aggregates.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2441 (1): 128–134. https://doi.org/10.3141/2441-17.
Harrington, D., F. Abdo, W. Adaska, C. V. Hazaree, H. Ceylan, and F. Bektas. 2010. Guide for roller-compacted concrete pavements. Ames, IA: Iowa State Univ.
Huang, B., X. Shu, and E. G. Burdette. 2006. “Mechanical properties of concrete containing recycled asphalt pavements.” Mag. Concr. Res. 58 (5): 313–320. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2006.58.5.313.
Huang, B., X. Shu, and G. Li. 2005. “Laboratory investigation of portland cement concrete containing recycled asphalt pavements.” Cem. Concr. Res. 35 (10): 2008–2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.05.002.
IRC (Indian Roads Congress). 2005. Guidelines for construction of roller compacted concrete pavements. IRC SP 68. New Delhi, India: IRC.
Kumari, M., G. D. Ransinchung, and S. Singh. 2018. “A laboratory investigation on dense bituminous macadam containing different fractions of coarse and fine RAP.” Constr. Build. Mater. 191 (Dec): 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.017.
Maddalena, R., J. J. Roberts, and A. Hamilton. 2018. “Can Portland cement be replaced by low-carbon alternative materials? A study on the thermal properties and carbon emissions of innovative cements.” J. Cleaner Prod. 186 (Jun): 933–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.138.
Modarres, A., and Z. Hosseini. 2014. “Mechanical properties of roller compacted concrete containing rice husk ash with original and recycled asphalt pavement material.” Mater. Des. 64 (Dec): 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.07.072.
Monu, K., G. D. Ransinchung, and S. Singh. 2019. “Effect of long-term ageing on properties of RAP inclusive WMA mixes.” Constr. Build. Mater. 206 (May): 483–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.087.
Mukhopadhyay, A., and X. Shi. 2016. “Microstructural characterization of portland cement concrete containing reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates using conventional and advanced petrographic techniques.” In Proc., Advances in Cement Analysis and Concrete Petrography, 187–206. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM. https://doi.org/10.1520/STP161320180008.
Settari, C., F. Debieb, E. H. Kadri, and O. Boukendakdji. 2015. “Assessing the effects of recycled asphalt pavement materials on the performance of roller compacted concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 101 (Dec): 617–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.039.
Shi, X., Z. Grasley, J. Hogancamp, L. Brescia-Norambuena, A. Mukhopadhyay, and D. Zollinger. 2020. “Microstructural, mechanical, and shrinkage characteristics of cement mortar containing fine reclaimed asphalt pavement.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (4): 04020050. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003110.
Shi, X., M. M. Mirsayar, A. Mukhopadhyay, and D. Zollinger. 2019a. “Characterization of two-parameter fracture properties of portland cement concrete containing reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates by semicircular bending specimens.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 95 (Jan): 56–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.10.013.
Shi, X., A. Mukhopadhyay, and K. W. Liu. 2017. “Mix design formulation and evaluation of portland cement concrete paving mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 152 (Oct): 756–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.174.
Shi, X., A. Mukhopadhyay, and D. Zollinger. 2018a. “Sustainability assessment for portland cement concrete pavement containing reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates.” J. Cleaner Prod. 192 (Aug): 569–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.004.
Shi, X., A. Mukhopadhyay, and D. Zollinger. 2019b. “Long-term performance evaluation of concrete pavements containing recycled concrete aggregate in Oklahoma.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2673 (5): 429–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198119839977.
Shi, X., A. Mukhopadhyay, D. Zollinger, and Z. Grasley. 2019c. “Economic input-output life cycle assessment of concrete pavement containing recycled concrete aggregate.” J. Cleaner Prod. 225 (Jul): 414–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.288.
Shi, X., A. Mukhopadhyay, D. Zollinger, and K. Huang. 2019d. “Performance evaluation of jointed plain concrete pavement made with portland cement concrete containing reclaimed asphalt pavement.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2019.1616604.
Shi, X., D. G. Zollinger, and A. K. Mukhopadhyay. 2018b. “Punchout study for continuously reinforced concrete pavement containing reclaimed asphalt pavement using pavement ME models.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1533134.
Siddique, R., and M. I. Khan. 2011. Supplementary cementing materials. New York: Springer.
Singh, S., and G. D. Ransinchung. 2018. “Durability properties of pavement quality concrete containing fine RAP.” Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater. 7 (1): 271–290. https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM20180012.
Singh, S., and G. D. Ransinchung. 2020. “Laboratory and field evaluation of RAP for cement concrete pavements.” J. Transp. Eng., Part B: Pavements 146 (2): 04020011. https://doi.org/10.1061/JPEODX.0000162.
Singh, S., G. D. Ransinchung, S. Debbarma, and P. Kumar. 2018a. “Utilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates containing waste from Sugarcane Mill for production of concrete mixes.” J. Cleaner Prod. 174 (Feb): 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.179.
Singh, S., G. D. Ransinchung, and P. Kumar. 2017a. “An economical processing technique to improve RAP inclusive concrete properties.” Constr. Build. Mater. 148 (Sep): 734–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.030.
Singh, S., G. D. Ransinchung, and P. Kumar. 2017b. “Effect of mineral admixtures on fresh, mechanical and durability properties of RAP inclusive concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 156 (Dec): 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.144.
Singh, S., G. D. Ransinchung, and P. Kumar. 2017c. “Laboratory investigation of concrete pavements containing fine RAP aggregates.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (2): 04017279. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002124.
Singh, S., G. D. Ransinchung, and P. Kumar. 2018b. “Performance evaluation of RAP concrete in aggressive environment.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (10): 04018231. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002316.
Singh, S., G. D. Ransinchung, K. Monu, and P. Kumar. 2018c. “Laboratory investigation of RAP aggregates for dry lean concrete mixes.” Constr. Build. Mater. 166 (Mar): 808–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.131.
Singh, S., D. Shintre, G. D. Ransinchung, and P. Kumar. 2018d. “Performance of fine RAP concrete containing flyash, silica fume, and bagasse ash.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (10): 04018233. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002408.
Taha, R., G. Ali, A. Basma, and O. Al-Turk. 2007. “Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregate in road bases and subbases.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1652 (1): 264–269. https://doi.org/10.3141/1652-33.
Ullah, S., and B. F. Tanyu. 2019. “Methodology to develop design guidelines to construct unbound base course with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP).” Constr. Build. Mater. 223 (Oct): 463–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.196.
Ullah, S., B. F. Tanyu, and E. J. Hoppe. 2018. “Optimizing the gradation of fine processed reclaimed asphalt pavement and aggregate blends for unbound base courses.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2672 (52): 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118758683.
Vollhardt, K. P. C., and N. E. Schore. 2014. Organic chemistry; Palgrave version: Structure and function. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
Wang, I. H., J. L. Boucher, R. A. Romine, R. D. Rowlett, and G. D. Lei. 1993. “Oxidation chemistry in asphalt.” Fuel Sci. Technol. Int. 11 (1): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/08843759308916056.
Williams, S. G. 2013. “Comparison of the superpave gyratory and proctor compaction methods for the design of roller-compacted concrete pavements.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2342 (1): 106–112. https://doi.org/10.3141/2342-13.
Yang, C., and R. Gupta. 2018. “Prediction of the compressive strength from resonant frequency for low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (4): 04018050. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002228.
Zhou, X., and Z. Li. 2005. “Characterizing rheology of fresh short fiber reinforced cementitious composite through capillary extrusion.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 17 (1): 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2005)17.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32 • Issue 8 • August 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 17, 2019
Accepted: Jan 27, 2020
Published online: May 31, 2020
Published in print: Aug 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Oct 31, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.