Stabilization and Solidification of Oil-Contaminated Sandy Soil Using Portland Cement and Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 8
Abstract
In this research, an attempt was made to explore the possibility of using a stabilization and solidification () technique for the treatment of sandy soil contaminated with diesel and crude oil using different stabilizers. For this purpose, soil samples were collected and contaminated by diesel and crude oil at three different percentages (2.5%, 5%, and 10% by weight of dry soil). Effects of oil contamination of soil were evaluated, and then treatment was carried out using ordinary portland cement (OPC), cement kiln dust (CKD), and limestone powder (LSP). The performance of -treated soils was evaluated by measuring the changes in compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), permeability, and heavy metal and hydrocarbon contents. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) tests on -treated soil were conducted to observe the effect of the treatment on the reduction of the soil pollution potential. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were carried out to examine the changes in the microstructure and mineralogy of the soil after its treatment. Results of this investigation indicate that the treatment of the oil-contaminated soil improved the compaction characteristics, UCS, and resistance against permeability and leachability.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support received from King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Saudi Arabia, through King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia, for carrying out this project under the National Science, Technology and Innovation Plan (NSTIP) funding (Project No. 15-ENV4643-04). The technical support received from the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department and the Center for Engineering Research at the Research Institute, KFUPM, are also acknowledged.
References
Abdel-aal, H. K., K. Zohdy, and M. Abdelkreem. 2018. “Waste management in crude oil processing: Crude oil dehydration and desalting.” Int. J. Waste Resour. 8 (1): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.4172/2252-5211.1000326.
Ahmed, H., S. N. Abduljauwad, and T. Akram. 2007. “Geotechnical behavior of oil-contaminated fine-grained soils.” Accessed February 17, 2017. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Habib_Ur_Rehman_Ahmed/publication/289213874_Geotechnical_behavior_of_oil-contaminated_fine-grained_soils/links/58b8f75d92851c471d4a4df1/Geotechnical-behavior-of-oil-contaminated-fine-grained-soils.pdf.
Aiban, S. A. 1994. “A study of sand stabilization in eastern Saudi Arabia.” Eng. Geol. 38 (1–2): 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(94)90025-6.
Akinwumi, I. I., C. Booth, D. Diwa, and P. Mills. 2016. “Cement stabilisation of crude-oil-contaminated soil.” Proc. CE Geotech. Eng. 169 (4): 336–345.
Akinwumi, I. I., D. Diwa, and N. Obianigwe. 2014. “Effects of crude oil contamination on the index properties, strength and permeability of lateritic clay.” Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Res. 3 (4): 816–824.
Al-Amoudi, O. S. B., A. A. Al-Homidy, M. Maslehuddin, and T. A. Saleh. 2017. “Method and mechanisms of soil stabilization using electric arc furnace dust.” Sci. Rep. 7: 46676. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46676.
Alhassan, H. M., and S. A. Fagge. 2013. “Effects of crude oil, low point pour fuel oil and vacuum gas oil contamination on the geotechnical properties of sand, clay and laterite soils.” Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl. 3 (1): 1947–1954.
Al-Sanad, H. A., W. K. Eid, and N. F. IsmaeI. 1995. “Geotechnical properties of oil-contaminated Kuwaiti sand.” J. Geotech. Eng. 121 (5): 407–412. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1995)121:5(407).
Al-Sayari, S. S., and J. G. Zotl. 2012. Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia. 1: sedimentological, hydrogeological, hydrochemical, geomorphological, and climatological investigations in Central and Eastern Saudi Arabia. New York: Springer.
Amadi, A. A., and A. O. Eberemu. 2012. “Performance of cement kiln dust in stabilizing lateritic soil contaminated with organic chemicals.” Adv. Mater. Res. 367: 41–47. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.367.41.
Army. 1994. “Soil stabilization for pavements.” Accessed November 4, 2019. https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/ARMYCOE/COETM/ARCHIVES/tm_5_822_14.pdf.
ASTM. 2000. Standard test method for permeability of granular soils (constant head). ASTM D2434. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2007. Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils. ASTM D422-63(2007)e2. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2012. Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)). ASTM D698–12e2. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer. ASTM D854. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015. Standard practice for classification of soils and soil-aggregate mixtures for highway construction purposes. ASTM D3282. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016a. Standard test methods for minimum index density and unit weight of soils and calculation of relative density. ASTM D4254. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016b. Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil. ASTM D2166/D2166M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system). ASTM D2487-17e1. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Banaimoon, M. S. B. 2013. “A study on stabilization/solidification of oil-contaminated soils.” M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd Univ. of Petroleum and Minerals.
Bland, A. E., T. H. Brown, and D. C. Sheesley. 1991. Fly ash use for unpaved road stabilization: Phase 1. Laramie, WY: Univ. of Wyoming.
Bonavetti, V., H. Donza, G. Menendez, O. Cabrera, and E. F. Irassar. 2003. “Limestone filler cement in low w/c concrete : A rational use of energy.” Cem. Concr. Res. 33 (6): 865–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)01087-6.
Bowles, J. E. 1997. Foundation analysis and design. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
Davis, E. L. 1998. Ground water issue: Steam injection for soil and aquifer remediation. Washington, DC: USEPA.
De Souza, J. E., M. D. Scherer, J. A. S. Cáceres, A. R. L. Caires, and J. C. M’Peko. 2013. “A close dielectric spectroscopic analysis of diesel/biodiesel blends and potential dielectric approaches for biodiesel content assessment.” Fuel 105 (Mar): 705–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.09.032.
Farrar, M. E., M. R. Morgenstern, J. A. Amari, A. MacMurray, T. P. Killeen, and R. F. Blundy. 2010. “Electrical resistance heating of soils at C-reactor at the Savannah River site.” Proc. Ann. Int. Conf. Soils Sediments Water Energy 13 (1): 328–342.
Ho, T. D., A. Valance, P. Dupont, and A. O. El Moctar. 2014. “Aeolian sand transport: Length and height distributions of saltation trajectories.” Aeolian Res. 12 (Mar): 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2013.11.004.
Huling, S. G., and J. W. Weaver. 1991. Ground water issue: Dense nonaqueous phase liquids. Washington, DC: USEPA.
Ijimdiya, T. S., and T. Igboro. 2012. “The compressibility behavior of oil contaminated soils.” Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 17 (10): 3653–3662.
ITOPF (The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited). 2015. Oil tanker spill statistics 2015. London: ITOPF.
Izdebska-Mucha, D., J. Trzcińsk, M. S. Żbik, and R. L. Frost. 2011. “Influence of hydrocarbon contamination on clay soil microstructure.” Clay Miner. 46 (1): 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2011.046.1.47.
Karkush, M. O., A. T. Zaboon, and H. H. Hussien. 2013. “Studying the effects of contamination on the geotechnical properties of clayey soil.” In Coupled phenomena in environmental geotechnics, 599–607. London: Taylor & Francis Group.
Khamehchiyan, M., A. H. Charkhabi, and M. Tajik. 2007. “Effects of crude oil contamination on geotechnical properties of clayey and sandy soils.” Eng. Geol. 89 (3–4): 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.10.009.
Kusdiana, D., and S. Saka. 2004. “Effects of water on biodiesel fuel production by supercritical methanol treatment.” Bioresources Technol. 91 (3): 289–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00201-3.
Leica Microsystem. 2013. “EM sample preparation coating technology.” Accessed February 14, 2018. https://www.leica-microsystems.com/fileadmin/academy/2013/Coating3.pdf.
Meuser, H. 2012. Vol. 23 of Soil remediation and rehabilitation, treatment of contaminated and disturbed land. New York: Springer.
Mitchell, J. K., and K. Soga. 2005. Fundamentals of soil behavior. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley.
Mustafa, Y. M., O. S. B. Al-Amoudi, S. Ahmad, and M. Maslehuddin. 2018. “Geotechnical properties of plastic marl contaminated with diesel.” Arabian J. Sci. Eng. 43 (10): 5573–5583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3224-0.
Nazir, A. K. 2011. “Effect of motor oil contamination on geotechnical properties of over consolidated clay” Alexandria Eng. J. 50 (4): 331–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2011.05.002.
Newell, C. J., S. D. Acree, R. R. Ross, and S. G. Huling. 1995. Ground water issue: Light nonaqueous phase liquids. Houston: Groundwater Services.
Oluremi, J. R., A. P. Adewuyi, and A. A. Sanni. 2015. “Compaction characteristics of oil contaminated residual soil.” J. Eng. Technol. 6 (2): 75–87.
Paria, S., and P. K. Yuet. 2006. “Solidification–stabilization of organic and inorganic contaminants using portland cement: A literature review.” Environ. Rev. 14 (4): 217–255. https://doi.org/10.1139/a06-004.
Rasheed, Z. N., F. R. Ahmed, and H. M. Jassim. 2014. “Effect of crude oil products on the geotechnical properties of soil.” Energy Sustainability 186: 353–362. https://doi.org/10.2495/ESUS140301.
Shah, S. J., A. V. Shroff, J. V. Patel, K. C. Tiwari, and D. Ramakrishnan. 2003. “Stabilization of fuel oil contaminated soil—A case study.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 21 (4): 415–427. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GEGE.0000006052.61830.1a.
Shin, E. C., and B. Das. 2001. “Bearing capacity of unsaturated oil-contaminated sand.” Int. J. Offshore Polar Eng. 11 (3): 220–226.
USEPA. 1990. EPA method 1311. Washington, DC: USEPA.
USEPA. 1998. Method 3545A: Pressurized fuid extraction (PFE). Washington, DC: USEPA.
USEPA. 1999. Solidification/stabilization resource guide. Washington, DC: USEPA.
USEPA. 2007. Method 8015C: Nonhalogenated organics by gas chromatography. Washington, DC: USEPA.
van der Perk, M. 2006. Soil and water contamination: from molecular to catchment scale. London: Taylor &Francis Group.
Vipulanandan, C., and P. Elesvwarapu. 2008. “Index properties and compaction characteristics of kerosene contaminated clayey soil.” In Proc., GeoCongress 2008: Geotechnics of Waste Management and Remediation, 804–811. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Yuying, L., and L. Bing. 2011. “The study on the evaporation behaviors of diesel oil contaminants.” In Proc., 2011 Int. Conf. on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering, 4681–4684. New York: IEEE.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32 • Issue 8 • August 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 30, 2019
Accepted: Oct 25, 2019
Published online: May 29, 2020
Published in print: Aug 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Oct 29, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.