Microstructural, Mechanical, and Shrinkage Characteristics of Cement Mortar Containing Fine Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 4
Abstract
The microstructural, mechanical, and shrinkage characteristics of cement mortar containing 100% fine reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP-mortar) were revealed through an extensive experimental program in this study. The work utilized petrographic technology and isothermal microcalorimetry to investigate microstructural features and cement heat of hydration. Mechanical properties were determined, and shrinkage properties and cracking potential under restrained drying condition were characterized through the shrinkage test and a customized ring test, respectively. Despite significant strength loss and high shrinkage, the RAP-mortar exhibited higher ductility, toughness, and crack resistance compared with the plain mortar. A potential material application for the RAP-mortar could be the structures whose strength requirement is low but are vulnerable to cracking problems. The RAP-mortar material might also be used for attenuation of high energy thanks to its improved ductility and toughness.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request, including raw data for all the tests conducted in this study.
Acknowledgments
The research presented in this paper was conducted at the Center for Infrastructure Renewal (CIR) with the financial support partially from Texas Department of Transportation (0-6855). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsoring agencies. Leonardo Brescia-Norambuena helped this study when he was a visiting scholar at the CIR. Thanks also goes to CONICYT for providing financial support to Leonardo Brescia-Norambuena for his Ph.D. studies (CONICYT-PCHA/Doctorado Nacional/2016-21161245).
References
Abraham, S. M., and G. Ransinchung. 2019a. “Effects of reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates and mineral admixtures on pore structure, mechanical and durability properties of cement mortar.” Constr. Build. Mater. 216 (Aug): 202–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.011.
Abraham, S. M., and G. Ransinchung. 2019b. “Pore structure characteristics of RAP-inclusive cement mortar and cement concrete using mercury intrusion porosimetry technique.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 8 (3): 431–453. https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM20180161.
ASTM. 2016a. Standard test method for asphalt content of asphalt mixture by ignition method. ASTM D6307. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM. 2016b. Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C39/C39M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM. 2016c. Standard test method for determining age at cracking and induced tensile stress characteristics of mortar and concrete under restrained shrinkage. ASTM C1581/C1581M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM. 2016d. Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C496/C496M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM. 2016e. Standard test method for static modulus of elasticity and poisson’s ratio of concrete in compression. ASTM C469/C469M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
ASTM. 2018. Standard test method for drying shrinkage of mortar containing hydraulic cement. ASTM C596. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
Berry, M., B. Kappes, and L. Kappes. 2015. “Optimization of concrete mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement.” ACI Mater. J. 112 (6): 100–107. https://doi.org/10.14359/51687854.
Birely, A. C., P. Park, J. A. McMahon, X. Shi, and Y. Rew. 2018. Fiber reinforced concrete for improved performance of transportation infrastructure. Rep. No. Washington, DC: USDOT.
Bralower, T., and D. Bice. 2019. “Heat capacity and energy storage.” Accessed April 25, 2019. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth103/node/1005.
Brand, A. S., A. Amirkhanian, and J. Roesler. 2014. “Flexural capacity of full-depth and two-lift concrete slabs with recycled aggregates.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2456 (1): 64–72. https://doi.org/10.3141/2456-07.
Brand, A. S., and J. R. Roesler. 2017a. “Bonding in cementitious materials with asphalt-coated particles. Part I: The interfacial transition zone.” Constr. Build. Mater. 130 (Jan): 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.019.
Brand, A. S., and J. R. Roesler. 2017b. “Bonding in cementitious materials with asphalt-coated particles. Part II: Cement-asphalt chemical interactions.” Constr. Build. Mater. 130 (Jan): 182–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.013.
Brand, A. S., J. R. Roesler, I. L. Al-Qadi, and P. Shangguan. 2012. Fractionated reclaimed asphalt pavement (FRAP) as a coarse aggregate replacement in a ternary blended concrete pavement. Downers Grove, IL: Illinois State Toll Highway Authority.
Chesner, W. H., R. J. Collins, and M. MacKay. 1998. User guidelines for waste and by-product materials in pavement construction. Washington, DC: USDOT, Federal Highway Administration.
Copeland, A. 2011. Reclaimed asphalt pavement in asphalt mixtures: State of the practice. Washington, DC: Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, Federal Highway Administration.
Debbarma, S., G. Ransinchung, and S. Singh. 2019a. “Feasibility of roller compacted concrete pavement containing different fractions of reclaimed asphalt pavement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 199 (Feb): 508–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.047.
Debbarma, S., S. Singh, and G. Ransinchung RN. 2019b. “Laboratory investigation on the fresh, mechanical, and durability properties of roller compacted concrete pavement containing reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2673 (10): 652–662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198119849585.
Delwar, M., M. Fahmy, and R. Taha. 1997. “Use of reclaimed asphalt pavement as an aggregate in portland cement concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 94 (3): 251–256.
Du, S. 2014. “Interaction mechanism of cement and asphalt emulsion in asphalt emulsion mixtures.” Mater. Struct. 47 (7): 1149–1159. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0118-1.
Grasley, Z. C., and D. Matthew. 2011. “Viscoelastic properties and drying stress extracted from concrete ring tests.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 33 (2): 171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.10.014.
Hogancamp, J., and Z. Grasley. 2017. “The use of microfine cement to enhance the efficacy of carbon nanofibers with respect to drying shrinkage crack resistance of portland cement mortars.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 83 (Oct): 405–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.08.006.
Huang, B., X. Shu, and E. Burdette. 2006. “Mechanical properties of concrete containing recycled asphalt pavements.” Mag. Concr. Res. 58 (5): 313–320. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2006.58.5.313.
Huang, B., X. Shu, and G. Li. 2005. “Laboratory investigation of portland cement concrete containing recycled asphalt pavements.” Cem. Concr. Res. 35 (10): 2008–2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.05.002.
Kumari, M., G. Ransinchung, and S. Singh. 2018. “A laboratory investigation on dense bituminous macadam containing different fractions of coarse and fine RAP.” Constr. Build. Mater. 191 (Dec): 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.017.
Li, G., Y. Zhao, S.-S. Pang, and W. Huang. 1998. “Experimental study of cement-asphalt emulsion composite.” Cem. Concr. Res. 28 (5): 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00038-6.
Lindberg, W. R., R. R. Thomas, and R. J. Christensen. 1985. “Measurements of specific heat, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of Utah tar sands.” Fuel 64 (1): 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(85)90283-2.
Modarres, A., and Z. Hosseini. 2014. “Mechanical properties of roller compacted concrete containing rice husk ash with original and recycled asphalt pavement material.” Mater. Des. 64 (Dec): 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.07.072.
Mukhopadhyay, A., and X. Shi. 2017. Validation of RAP and/or RAS in hydraulic cement concrete: Technical report. Austin, TX: Texas DOT.
Mukhopadhyay, A., and X. Shi. 2019. “Microstructural characterization of portland cement concrete containing reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates using conventional and advanced petrographic techniques.” In Advances in cement analysis and concrete petrography: ASTM STP 1613, edited by D. Cong and D. Broton. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Neville, A. M. 1995. Properties of concrete. London: Longman.
Qiang, W., Y. Peiyu, A. Ruhan, Y. Jinbo, and K. Xiangming. 2011. “Strength mechanism of cement-asphalt mortar.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23 (9): 1353–1359. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000301.
Settari, C., F. Debieb, E. H. Kadri, and O. Boukendakdji. 2015. “Assessing the effects of recycled asphalt pavement materials on the performance of roller compacted concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 101 (Dec): 617–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.039.
Shi, X. 2018. “Evaluation of portland cement concrete containing reclaimed asphalt pavement for pavement applications.” Ph.D. dissertation, Zachry Dept. of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M Univ.
Shi, X., M. Mirsayar, A. K. Mukhopadhyay, and D. G. Zollinger. 2019a. “Characterization of two-parameter fracture properties of portland cement concrete containing reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates by semicircular bending specimens.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 95 (Jan): 56–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.10.013.
Shi, X., A. Mukhopadhyay, and K.-W. Liu. 2017. “Mix design formulation and evaluation of portland cement concrete paving mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 152 (Oct): 756–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.174.
Shi, X., A. Mukhopadhyay, and D. Zollinger. 2018a. “Sustainability assessment for portland cement concrete pavement containing reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates.” J. Cleaner Prod. 192 (Aug): 569–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.004.
Shi, X., A. Mukhopadhyay, D. G. Zollinger, and Z. Grasley. 2019c. “Economic input-output life cycle assessment of concrete pavement containing recycled concrete aggregate.” J. Cleaner Prod. 225 (Jul): 414–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.288.
Shi, X., A. Mukhopadhyay, D. G. Zollinger, and K. Huang. 2019b. “Performance evaluation of jointed plain concrete pavement made with portland cement concrete containing reclaimed asphalt pavement.” Road Mater. Pavement Des. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2019.1616604.
Shi, X., P. Park, Y. Rew, K. Huang, and C. Sim. 2020. “Constitutive behaviors of steel fiber reinforced concrete under uniaxial compression and tension.” Constr. Build. Mater. 233 (Feb): 117316.
Shi, X., D. G. Zollinger, and A. K. Mukhopadhyay. 2018b. “Punchout study for continuously reinforced concrete pavement containing reclaimed asphalt pavement using pavement ME models.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1533134.
Singh, S., and G. D. Ransinchung. 2018. “Durability properties of pavement quality concrete containing fine RAP.” Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater. 7 (1): 271–290. https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM20180012.
Singh, S., G. D. Ransinchung, and P. Kumar. 2017a. “Effect of mineral admixtures on fresh, mechanical and durability properties of RAP inclusive concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 156 (Dec): 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.144.
Singh, S., G. D. Ransinchung RN, and P. Kumar. 2017b. “Laboratory investigation of concrete pavements containing fine RAP aggregates.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (2): 04017279. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002124.
Singh, S., G. D. Ransinchung RN, and P. Kumar. 2018a. “Performance evaluation of RAP concrete in aggressive environment.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (10): 04018231. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002316.
Singh, S., D. Shintre, G. Ransinchung RN, and P. Kumar. 2018b. “Performance of fine RAP concrete containing flyash, silica fume, and bagasse ash.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 30 (10): 04018233. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002408.
Tan, Y., J. Ouyang, J. Lv, and Y. Li. 2013. “Effect of emulsifier on cement hydration in cement asphalt mortar.” Constr. Build. Mater. 47 (Oct): 159–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.044.
Thomas, J., and H. Jennings. 2008. “Overview of the hydration process.” Accessed April 24, 2019. http://iti.northwestern.edu/cement/monograph/monograph5_1.html.
Tia, M., N. Hossiney, Y.-M. Su, Y. Chen, and T. A. Do. 2012. Use of reclaimed asphalt pavement in concrete pavement slabs. Tallahassee, FL: Florida DOT.
Topcu, I. B., and B. Isikdag. 2009. “Effects of crushed rap on free and restrained shrinkage of mortars.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 3 (2): 91–95. https://doi.org/10.4334/IJCSM.2009.3.2.091.
Wadsö, L. 2002. Isothermal calorimetry for the study of cement hydration. Lund, Sweden: Lund Univ.
Yang, J., P. Yan, X. Kong, and X. Li. 2010. “Study on the hardening mechanism of cement asphalt binder.” Sci. China Technol. Sci. 53 (5): 1406–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-010-0010-y.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32 • Issue 4 • April 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 24, 2019
Accepted: Sep 5, 2019
Published online: Jan 31, 2020
Published in print: Apr 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jun 30, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.