Experimental Study on Axial Pull-Out Behavior of Steel Rebars Glued-In Glubam
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 3
Abstract
This paper presents an experimental study on glued-in rebar glubam (glued laminated bamboo) joints. The main experimental parameters were anchorage length, glue-line thickness, and the angle between bar and bamboo fibers. The influences of the parameters on pull-out strength, initial stiffness, and the bond behavior of glued-in rebar glubam joints were investigated through pull-out tests. Four typical failure modes are discussed, including pull-out failure of rebar, pull-out of rebar along with splitting of glubam, splitting of glubam block, and yielding of rebar. The critical anchorage length of the specimens with rebar perpendicular to the grain was suggested to be 12 times the diameter of rebar while other specimens should be 16 times, and 4 mm was the most suitable value for the glue-line thickness. The load-slip curve and the average initial stiffness were analyzed based on the bond length, glue-line thickness, and angle between bar and bamboo fibers. The initial elastic portion of the bond stress-slip curve of the glued-in rebar glubam joints can be approximately analyzed by a simple analysis model with assuming linear spring bond links. Finally, a design equation of pull-out strength was proposed based on the testing data.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data and models generated or used during this study are available from the corresponding author by request.
Acknowledgments
The research conducted in this paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through a National General Project (No. 51678296), the Jiangsu provincial Double-innovation plan, and the Distinguished Professorship funded by the Zhejiang University.
References
Aicher, S., P. Gustafsson, and M. Wolf. 1999. “Load displacement and bond strength of glued-in rods in timber influenced by adhesive, wood density, rod slenderness and diameter.” In Proc., 1st RILEM Symp. on Timber Engineering, 369–378. Jalandhar, India: RELEM Publications SAJIL.
Aicher, S., L. Hofflin, and M. Wolf. 1998. “Influence of specimen geometry on stress distributions in pull-out tests of glued-in steel rods in wood.” Otto-Graf J. 9: 205–217.
Alam, P., M. P. Ansell, and D. Smedley. 2009. “Mechanical repair of timber beams fractured in flexure using bonded-in reinforcements.” Compos. Part B 40 (2): 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2008.11.010.
Bainbridge, R., C. Mettem, and K. Hsrvey. 2002. “Bonded-in rod connections for timber structures-development of design methods and test observations.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 22 (1): 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7496(01)00036-7.
Bainbridge, R. J., and C. J. Mettem. 1998. “A review of moment-resistant structural timber connections.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Struct. Build. 128 (4): 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1680/istbu.1998.30909.
Blass, H. J., and B. Laskewitz. 1999. “Effect of spacing and edge distance on the axial strength of glued-in rods.” In Proc., CIB-W18A. New York: Springer.
Broughton, J. G., and A. R. Hutchinson. 2001a. “Adhesive system for structural connections in timber.” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 21: 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7496(00)00049-X.
Broughton, J. G., and A. R. Hutchinson. 2001b. “Pull-out behaviour of steel rods bonded into timber.” Mater. Struct. 34 (2): 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02481558.
BSI (British Standards Institution). 2002. Moisture content of a piece of a sawn timber—Part 1: Determination by oven dry method. BS EN 13183-1. London: BSI.
Buchanan, A. H. 2007. Timber design guide. 3rd ed. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Timber Industry Federation, Inc.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 1997. Eurocode 5-design of timber structures—Part 2: Bridges, Deutsches Institut fur Normung. ENV 1995-2. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Cosenza, E., G. Manfredi, and R. Realfonzo. 1995. “Analytical modelling of bond between FRP reinforcing bars and concrete.” In Proc., RILEM, 164–171. London: Chapman & Hall.
Cosenza, E., G. Manfredi, and R. Realfonzo. 1997. “Behavior and modeling of bond of FRP rebars to concrete.” J. Compos. Constr. 1 (2): 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(1997)1:2(40).
Davis, T. J., and P. A. Claisse. 2001. “Resin-injected dowel joints in glulam and structural timber composites.” Constr. Build. Mater. 15 (4): 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(01)00002-2.
Eligehausen, R., E. P. Popov, and V. V. Bertero. 1983. Local bond stress-slip relationships of deformed bars under generalized excitations. Berkeley, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California.
Feligioni, L., P. Lavisci, G. Duchanois, M. D. Ciechi, and P. Spinelli. 2003. “Influence of glue rheology and joint thickness on the strength of bonded-in rods.” Holz Roh Werkst. 61 (4): 281–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-003-0387-4.
Gattesco, N., and A. Gubana. 2000. “Studio sperimentale sulle unioni incollate di elementi in legno lamellare.” [In Italian.] In Proc., 14th CTE Conf. Trieste, Italy: Università degli Studi di Trieste.
Hong, X. J., and Y. Zhang. 2000. “The fitting method of the smooth bond stress in the bond-slip test.” [In Chinese.] Struct. Eng. 3 (11): 44–48.
Jensen, J. L., A. Koizumi, T. Sasaki, Y. Tamura, and Y. Iijima. 2001. “Axially loaded glued-in hardwood dowels.” Wood Sci. Technol. 35 (1–2): 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002260000076.
Li, Z., G. S. Yang, Q. Zhou, B. Shan, and Y. Xiao. 2018. “Bending performance of glubam beams made with different processes.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 22 (2): 535–546. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433218794327.
Ling, Z. B., H. F. Yang, W. Q. Liu, W. D. Lu, D. Zhou, and L. Wang. 2014. “Pull-out strength and bond behaviour of axially loaded rebar glued-in glulam.” Constr. Build. Mater. 65 (Aug): 440–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.008.
Malvar, L. J. 1994. Bond stress-slip characteristics of FRP rebars. Port Hueneme, CA: Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center.
Riberholt, H. 1998. “Glued bolts in glulam-proposals for CIB code.” In Proc., 21st Conf. of CIB-W18. Rotterdam, Netherlands: In-house Publication.
Rossignon, A., and B. Espion. 2008. “Experiment assessment of the pull-out strength of single rods bonded in glulam parallel to the grain.” Holz Roh Werkst. 66 (6): 419–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-008-0263-3.
Sharma, B., A. Gatóo, and M. Bock. 2015. “Engineered bamboo for structural applications.” Constr. Build. Mater. 81 (Apr): 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.077.
Standards Press of China. 2010. Chinese standard for tensile tests of metallic materials. [In Chinese.] GB/T228. Beijing: Standards Press of China.
Standards Press of China. 2011. Structure glued laminated timber. [In Chinese.] GB/T26899. Beijing: Standards Press of China.
Steiger, R., E. Gehri, and R. Widmann. 2007. “Pull-out strength of axially loaded steel rods bonded in glulam parallel the grain.” Mater. Struct. 40 (1): 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9111-2.
Steiger, R., E. Gheri, and R. Widmann. 2004. “Glued-in rods: A design approach for axially loaded single rods set parallel to the grain.” In Proc., 37th Conf. of CIB-W18. Delft, Netherlands: International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction.
Widmann, R., R. Steiger, and E. Gehri. 2007. “Pull-out strength of axially loaded steel rods bonded in glulam perpendicular to the grain.” Mater. Struct. 40 (8): 827–838. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9214-9.
Wu, Y., and Y. Xiao. 2018. “Steel and glubam hybrid space truss.” Eng. Struct. 171 (Sep): 140–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.086.
Xiao, Y., S. K. Paudel, and M. Inoue. 2008. Modern bamboo structures. London: CRC Press.
Xiao, Y., R. Z. Yang, and B. Shan. 2013. “Production, environmental impact and mechanical properties of glubam.” Constr. Build. Mater. 44 (Jul): 765–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.087.
Yeboah, D., S. Taylor, D. McPolin, and R. Gilfillan. 2011. “Behaviour of joints with bonded-in steel bars loaded parallel to the grain of timber elements.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (5): 2312–2317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.026.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32 • Issue 3 • March 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 20, 2019
Accepted: Aug 20, 2019
Published online: Jan 14, 2020
Published in print: Mar 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jun 14, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.