Determination of Fracture Parameters of Seawater Sea Sand Concrete Based on Maximum Fracture Load
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 1
Abstract
Seawater sea sand concrete (SSC) can be applied in islands far away from the mainland. It is essential to clarify the fracture behavior of SSC which is related to the durability under the ocean environment. Thus, the present study is primarily concerned with the determination of fracture parameters of SSC. Ordinary concrete (OC) mixed by freshwater and river sand is introduced for reference. Based on the improved boundary effect model, the size-independent tensile strength and fracture toughness are determined by using the experimental maximum fracture loads of three-point-bending concrete beams. The resulting tensile strength is adopted to replace the maximum tensile stress at the fictitious crack-tip in the maximum fracture load model and the former proves to be the latter. The maximum fracture load related to the local fracture energy at the crack-tip region is then predicted. The size-independent fracture energy is given by the comparison between the analytical and experimental maximum fracture loads. The local fracture energy distributions in the SSC and OC are similar to each other. But the tensile strengths of SSC are higher than those of OC. The fracture toughness and fracture energy increase with the increasing of maximum aggregate size for SSC.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51778591) and Educational Innovation and Research Foundation of Graduate Student in Shandong Province of China (Grant No. HDJG17006).
References
Abdalla, H. M., and B. L. Karihaloo. 2003. “Determination of size-independent specific fracture energy of concrete from three-point bend and wedge splitting tests.” Mag. Concr. Res. 55 (2): 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2003.55.2.133.
Abdalla, H. M., and B. L. Karihaloo. 2004. “A method for constructing the bilinear tension softening diagram of concrete corresponding to its true fracture energy.” Mag. Concr. Res. 56 (10): 597–604. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2004.56.10.597.
ASTM. 2008. Standard practice for the preparation of substitute ocean water. ASTM D1141-98. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Bažant, Z. P. 1984. “Size effect in blunt fracture: Concrete, rock, metal.” J. Eng. Mech. 110 (4): 518–535. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1984)110:4(518).
Bažant, Z. P., and M. Kazemi. 1990. “Determination of fracture energy, process zone length and brittleness number from size effect, with application to rock and concrete.” Int. J. Fract. 44 (2): 111–131.
Carpinteri, A., and B. Chiaia. 1995a. “Multifractal nature of concrete fracture surfaces and size effects on nominal fracture energy.” Mater. Struct. 28 (8): 435–443. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02473162.
Carpinteri, A., and B. Chiaia. 1996. “Size effects on concrete fracture energy: Dimensional transition from order to disorder.” Mater. Struct. 29 (5): 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02486360.
Carpinteri, A., B. Chiaia, and G. Ferro. 1995b. “Size effects of nominal tensile strength of concrete structures: Multifractality of materials ligaments and dimensional transition from order to disorder.” Mater. Struct. 28 (6): 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02473145.
Chen, C. Y., T. Ji, Y. Z. Zhuang, and X. J. Lin. 2015. “Workability, mechanical properties and affinity of artificial reef concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 98 (Nov): 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.109.
Chinese Standard. 2002. Standard for test method of mechanical properties on ordinary concrete. [In Chinese.] GB/T50081. Beijing: Chinese Standard.
Chinese Standard. 2007. Common Portland cement. [In Chinese.] GB 175. Beijing: Chinese Standard.
Cifuentes, H., and B. L. Karihaloo. 2013. “Determination of size-independent specific fracture energy of normal- and high-strength self-compacting concrete from wedge splitting tests.” Constr. Build. Mater. 48 (Nov): 548–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.062.
Dong, Z. Q., G. Wu, B. Xu, X. Wang, and L. Taerwe. 2016. “Bond durability of BFRP bars embedded in concrete under seawater conditions and the long-term bond strength prediction.” Mater. Des. 92 (Feb): 552–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.066.
Dong, Z. Q., G. Wu, X. L. Zhao, and J. L. Lian. 2018a. “Long-term bond durability of fiber-reinforced polymer bars embedded in seawater sea-sand concrete under ocean environments.” J. Compos. Constr. 22 (5): 04018042. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000876.
Dong, Z. Q., G. Wu, X. L. Zhao, H. Zhu, and J. L. Lian. 2018b. “Durability test on the flexural performance of seawater sea-sand concrete beams completely reinforced with FRP bars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 192 (Dec): 671–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.166.
Duan, K., X. Z. Hu, and F. H. Wittmann. 2003. “Boundary effect on concrete fracture and non-constant fracture energy distribution.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 70 (16): 2257–2268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(02)00223-0.
Guan, J. F., X. Z. Hu, C. P. Xie, Q. B. Li, and Z. M. Wu. 2018. “Wedge-splitting tests for tensile strength and fracture toughness of concrete.” Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 93 (Feb): 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2017.09.006.
Hillerborg, A., M. Modeer, and P. E. Petersson. 1976. “Analysis of crack formation and crack growth in concrete by means of fracture mechanics and finite elements.” Cem. Concr. Res. 6 (6): 773–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(76)90007-7.
Hu, X. Z. 2002. “An asymptotic approach to size effect on fracture toughness and fracture energy of composites.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 69 (5): 555–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(01)00102-3.
Hu, X. Z., and K. Duan. 2004. “Influence of fracture process zone height on fracture energy of concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (8): 1321–1330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.12.027.
Hu, X. Z., and K. Duan. 2007. “Size effect: Influence of proximity of fracture process zone to specimen boundary.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 74 (7): 1093–1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2006.12.009.
Hu, X. Z., and K. Duan. 2008. “Size effect and quasi-brittle fracture: the role of FPZ.” Int. J. Fract. 154 (1–2): 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-008-9290-7.
Hu, X. Z., J. F. Guan, Y. S. Wang, A. Keating, and S. T. Yang. 2017. “Comparison of boundary and size effect models based on new developments.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 175 (Apr): 146–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.02.005.
Hu, X. Z., and F. H. Wittmann. 1992. “Fracture energy and fracture process zone.” Mater. Struct. 25 (6): 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472590.
Hu, X. Z., and F. H. Wittmann. 2000. “Size effect on toughness induced by crack close to free surface.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 65 (2): 209–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(99)00123-X.
Karihaloo, B. L., A. R. Ramachandra Murthy, and N. R. Iyer. 2013. “Determination of size-independent specific fracture energy of concrete mixes by the tri-linear model.” Cem. Concr. Res. 49 (Jul): 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.03.010.
Katano, K., N. Takeda, Y. Ishizeki, and K. Iriya. 2013. “Properties and application of concrete made with sea water and un-washed sea sand.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Kaushik, S. K., and S. Islam. 1995. “Suitability of sea water for mixing structural concrete exposed to a marine environment.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 17 (3): 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/0958-9465(95)00015-5.
Li, Y. L., X. L. Zhao, and R. K. Singh Raman. 2018. “Mechanical properties of seawater and sea sand concrete-filled FRP tubes in artificial seawater.” Constr. Build. Mater. 191 (Dec): 977–993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.059.
Limeira, J., M. Etxeberria, L. Agulló, and D. Molina. 2011. “Mechanical and durability properties of concrete made with dredged marine sand.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (11): 4165–4174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.053.
Muralidhara, S., B. K. Raghu Prasad, B. L. Karihaloo, and R. K. Singh. 2011. “Size-independent fracture energy in plain concrete beams using tri-linear model.” Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (7): 3051–3058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.01.003.
Ramachandra Murthy, A. R., B. L. Karihaloo, N. R. Iyer, and B. K. Raghu Prasad. 2013. “Determination of size-independent specific fracture energy of concrete mixes by two methods.” Cem. Concr. Res. 50 (Aug): 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.03.015.
RILEM. 1985. “Determination of the fracture energy of the mortar and concrete by means of three-point bend tests on notched beams.” Mater. Struct. 18 (106): 287–290.
Robert, M., and B. Benmokrane. 2013. “Combined effects of saline solution and moist concrete on long-term durability of GFRP reinforcing bars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 38 (Jan): 274–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.021.
Safi, B., M. Saidi, A. Daoui, A. Bellal, A. Mechekak, and K. Toumi. 2015. “The use of seashells as a fine aggregate (by sand substitution) in self-compacting mortar (SCM).” Constr. Build. Mater. 78: 430–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.009.
Tada, H., P. C. Paris, and G. R. Irwin. 1985. The stress analysis of cracks handbook. St. Louis: Paris Productions.
Tang, J. W., H. Cheng, Q. B. Zhang, W. Chen, and Q. Li. 2018. “Development of properties and microstructure of concrete with coral reef sand under sulphate attack and drying-wetting cycles.” Constr. Build. Mater. 165 (Mar): 647–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.085.
Taylor, M. R., F. D. Lydon, and B. I. G. Barr. 1996. “Mix proportions for high strength concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 10 (6): 445–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(96)00012-8.
Wang, Y. S., and X. Z. Hu. 2017. “Determination of tensile strength and fracture toughness of granite using notched three-point-bend samples.” Rock. Mech. Rock. Eng. 50 (1): 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1098-6.
Wang, Y. S., X. Z. Hu, L. Liang, and W. C. Zhu. 2016. “Determination of tensile strength and fracture toughness of concrete using notched 3-p-b specimens.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 160 (Jul): 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2016.03.036.
Wang, Z. K., X. L. Zhao, G. J. Xian, G. Wu, R. K. Singh Raman, S. Al-Saadi, and A. Haque. 2017. “Long-term durability of basalt- and glass-fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP/GFRP) bars in seawater and sea sand concrete environment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 139 (May): 467–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.038.
Wu, G., Z. Q. Dong, X. Wang, Y. Zhu, and Z. S. Wu. 2015. “Prediction of long-term performance and durability of BFRP bars under the combined effect of sustained load and corrosive solutions.” J. Compos. Constr. 19 (3): 04014058. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000517.
Xiao, J. Z., C. B. Qiang, A. Nanni, and K. J. Zhang. 2017. “Use of sea-sand and seawater in concrete construction: Current status and future opportunities.” Constr. Build. Mater. 155 (Nov): 1101–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.130.
Yamato, T., Y. Emoto, and M. Soeda. 1987. “Freezing and thawing resistance of concrete containing chloride.” Am. Concr. Inst. Spec. Publ. 100: 901–917.
Yang, E. I., M. Y. Kim, H. G. Park, and S. T. Yi. 2010. “Effect of partial replacement of sand with dry oyster shell on the long-term performance of concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (5): 758–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.032.
Yang, S. T., X. Z. Hu, K. Z. Leng, and Y. L. Liu. 2014. “Correlation between cohesive crack-tip local fracture energy and peak load in mortar specimens.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 26 (10): 04014069. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000959.
Yang, S. T., X. Z. Hu, and Z. M. Wu. 2011. “Influence of local fracture energy distribution on maximum fracture load of three-point-bending notched concrete beams.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 78 (18): 3289–3299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2011.09.019.
Yang, S. T., J. J. Xu, C. H. Zang, R. Li, Q. B. Yang, and S. G. Sun. 2019. “Mechanical properties of alkali-activated slag concrete mixed by seawater and sea sand.” Constr. Build. Mater. 196 (Jan): 395–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.113.
Zhao, A., C. L. Chou, and D. Lau. 2018. “Structural behavior of GFRP reinforced concrete columns under the influence of chloride at casting and service stages.” Composite Part B 136: 1–9.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 23, 2019
Accepted: Jun 19, 2019
Published online: Oct 19, 2019
Published in print: Jan 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Mar 19, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.