Influence of Steel Fibers on Fracture Energy and Shear Behavior of SCC
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30, Issue 11
Abstract
The fracture behavior and the dilatant crack opening in the shear response of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) with discrete steel fiber reinforcement were investigated. The volume fraction of hooked-end steel fibers in concrete was 0.75%. The fracture behavior of steel fiber reinforced SCC (SFRSCC) was investigated using notched beams tested in flexure. In SFRSCC, there was a significant increase in fracture energy at a small crack opening. The significant postcracking resistance to crack opening provided by fibers in an SCC matrix resulted in a twofold increase in energy up to 0.1 mm crack opening. In SFRSCC, there was a tenfold increase in energy up to 1.0 mm crack opening, which was associated with multiple cracking in the matrix. In the second stage of the experimental evaluation, the shear behavior of SCC with and without steel fibers was investigated using a shear beam arrangement. The dilatant behavior of the shear crack was established from in situ full-field displacement measurements from across the primary shear crack, obtained using digital image correlation (DIC). There was a continuous slip between the faces of the shear crack, which produced a continuous increase in the crack opening. Shear crack in SCC beams curves in a direction governed by the applied stress field. Failure in SCC is very brittle and occurs at small crack openings which are less than 0.1 mm. The sudden loss of internal stress transfer across the primary shear crack produces failure in SCC beams. In SFRSCC, the primary shear crack formed at a load that was nearly double the load at the formation of the shear crack in SCC. The dilatant behavior in SFRSCC was identical to the dilatant behavior obtained from SCC without fibers. In SFRSCC, there was an increase in load-carrying capacity with a continued opening of the shear crack, and load transfer across the primary shear crack was sustained for a larger crack opening. Due to increased contact stress on the crack faces induced by high cohesive crack closing stress produced by fibers, the shear crack at the neutral axis continued to propagate along the initial angle, resulting in a straight crack path without curvature. There was a stress transfer across primary shear crack openings up to 1 mm due to the crack closing stress provided by the fibers. A secondary shear crack in SFRSCC beams led to failure. The improvement in the fracture response of SCC with the addition of fibers results in an increase in shear capacity through better crack control.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the Center of Excellence in Sustainable Urban Development at IIT Hyderabad, funded by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2008. Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-08) and commentary. ACI 318-08. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Akcay, B., and M. A. Tasdemir. 2012. “Mechanical behaviour and fibre dispersion of hybrid steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 28 (1): 287–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.044.
Amin, A., and S. J. Foster. 2016. “Shear strength of steel fibre reinforced concrete beams with stirrups.” Eng. Struct. 111 (1): 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.12.026.
Arezoumandi, M., and J. S. Volz. 2013. “Effect of fly ash replacement level on the shear strength of high-volume fly ash concrete beams.” J. Cleaner Prod. 59 (1): 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.06.043.
Armelin, H. S., and N. Banthia. 1997. “Predicting the flexural postcracking performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete from the pullout of single fibers.” Mater. J. 94 (1): 18–31. https://doi.org/10.14359/281.
Ashour, S. A., G. S. Hasanain, and F. F. Wafa. 1992. “Shear behavior of high-strength fiber reinforced concrete beams.” ACI Struct. J. 89 (2): 176–184. https://doi.org/10.14359/2946.
Carloni, C., and K. V. Subramaniam. 2010. “Direct determination of cohesive stress transfer during debonding of FRP from concrete.” Compos. Struct. 93 (1): 184–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2010.05.024.
Cavagnis, F., M. F. Ruiz, and A. Muttoni. 2015. “Shear failures in reinforced concrete members without transverse reinforcement: An analysis of the critical shear crack development on the basis of test results.” Eng. Struct. 103 (1): 157–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.09.015.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2005. Test method for metallic fibre concrete. Measuring the flexural tensile strength (limit of proportionality (LOP), residual). EN 14651:2005 (E). Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Cho, S. H., and Y. I. Kim. 2003. “Effects of steel fibers on short beams loaded in shear.” ACI Struct. J. 100 (6): 765–774. https://doi.org/10.14359/12843.
Cucchiara, C., L. La Mendola, and M. Papia. 2004. “Effectiveness of stirrups and steel fibres as shear reinforcement.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 26 (7): 777–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2003.07.001.
Ding, Y., Z. You, and S. Jalali. 2011. “The composite effect of steel fibres and stirrups on the shear behaviour of beams using self-consolidating concrete.” Eng. Struct. 33 (1): 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.09.023.
Ding, Y., F. Zhang, F. Torgal, and Y. Zhang. 2012. “Shear behaviour of steel fibre reinforced self-consolidating concrete beams based on the modified compression field theory.” Compos. Struct. 94 (8): 2440–2449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.02.025.
Di Prisco, M., G. Plizzari, and L. Vandewalle. 2009. “Fibre reinforced concrete: New design perspectives.” Mater. Struct. 42 (9): 1261–1281. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-009-9529-4.
Gali, S., and K. V. Subramaniam. 2017a. “Evaluation of crack propagation and post-cracking hinge-type behavior in the flexural response of steel fiber reinforced concrete.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 11 (2): 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-017-0197-4.
Gali, S., and K. V. Subramaniam. 2017b. “Investigation of the dilatant behavior of cracks in the shear response of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams.” Eng. Struct. 152 (1): 832–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.09.050.
Gali, S., and K. V. Subramaniam. 2018. “Multi-linear stress-crack separation relationship for steel fiber reinforced concrete: Analytical framework and experimental evaluation.” Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 93 (1): 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2017.06.018.
Gopalaratnam, V. S., S. P. Shah, G. Batson, M. Criswell, V. Ramakishnan, and M. Wecharatana. 1991. “Fracture toughness of fiber reinforced concrete.” Mater. J. ACI 88 (4): 339–353. https://doi.org/10.14359/1840.
Greenough, T., and M. Nehdi. 2008. “Shear behavior of fiber-reinforced self-consolidating concrete slender beams.” Mater. J. 105 (5): 468–477. https://doi.org/10.14359/19976.
Hassan, A. A. A., K. M. A. Hossain, and M. Lachemi. 2008. “Behavior of full-scale self-consolidating concrete beams in shear.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 30 (7): 588–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.03.005.
Imam, M., L. Vandewalle, F. Mortelmans, and D. Van Gemert. 1997. “Shear domain of fibre-reinforced high-strength concrete beams.” Eng. Struct. 19 (9): 738–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(96)00150-2.
Johnston, C. D. 2010. Vol. 3 in Fiber-reinforced cements and concretes. London: CRC Press.
Khayat, K., and G. De Schutter, eds. 2014. Mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete: State-of-the-art report of the RILEM technical committee 228-MPS on mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete, Vol. 14. Springfield, IL: Springer.
Kim, K. S., D. H. Lee, J. H. Hwang, and D. A. Kuchma. 2012. “Shear behavior model for steel fiber-reinforced concrete members without transverse reinforcements.” Composites Part B 43 (5): 2324–2334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.11.064.
Kwak, Y. K., M. O. Eberhard, W. S. Kim, and J. Kim. 2002. “Shear strength of steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams without stirrups.” ACI Struct. J. 99 (4): 530–538. https://doi.org/10.14359/12122.
Li, V. C., R. Ward, and A. M. Hamza. 1992. “Steel and synthetic fibers as shear reinforcement.” ACI Mater. J. 89 (5): 499–508. https://doi.org/10.14359/1822.
Lin, C. H., and J. H. Chen. 2012. “Shear behavior of self-consolidating concrete beams.” ACI Struct. J. 109 (3): 307. https://doi.org/10.14359/51683744.
Mansur, M. A., K. C. G. Ong, and P. Paramasivam. 1986. “Shear strength of fibrous concrete beams without stirrups.” J. Struct. Eng. 112 (9): 2066–2079. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1986)112:9(2066).
Narayanan, R., and I. Y. S. Darwish. 1987. “Use of steel fibers as shear reinforcement.” ACI Struct. J. 84 (3): 216–227. https://doi.org/10.14359/2654.
Nehdi, M., and J. D. Ladanchuk. 2004. “Fiber synergy in fiber-reinforced self-consolidating concrete.” Mater. J. 101 (6): 508–517. https://doi.org/10.14359/13490.
Pereira, E. N., J. A. Barros, and A. Camões. 2008. “Steel fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete: Experimental research and numerical simulation.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (8): 1310–1321. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:8(1310).
Pons, G., M. Mouret, M. Alcantara, and J. L. Granju. 2007. “Mechanical behaviour of self-compacting concrete with hybrid fibre reinforcement.” Mater. Struct. 40 (2): 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9131-y.
Reddy, K. C., and K. V. Subramaniam. 2017a. “Analysis for multi-linear stress-crack opening cohesive relationship: Application to macro-synthetic fiber reinforced concrete.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 169: 128–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2016.11.015.
Reddy, K. C., and K. V. Subramaniam. 2017b. “Experimental investigation of crack propagation and post-cracking behaviour in macrosynthetic fibre reinforced concrete.” Mag. Concr. Res. 69 (9): 467–478. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.16.00396.
Sahoo, D. R., S. Bhagat, and T. C. V. Reddy. 2016. “Experimental study on shear-span to effective-depth ratio of steel fiber reinforced concrete T-beams.” Mater. Struct. 49 (9): 3815–3830. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0756-6.
Sahoo, D. R., and N. Kumar. 2015. “Monotonic behavior of large-scale SFRC beams without stirrups.” Eng. Struct. 92 (1): 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.03.014.
Sharma, A. K. 1986. “Shear strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams.” In Vol. 83 of ACI Journal Proc. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Singh, B., and K. Jain. 2014. “Appraisal of steel fibers as minimum shear reinforcement in concrete beams.” ACI Struct. J. 111 (5): 1191. https://doi.org/10.14359/51686969.
Slater, E., M. Moni, and M. S. Alam. 2012. “Predicting the shear strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 26 (1): 423–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.042.
Sorensen, C., E. Berge, and E. B. Nikolaisen. 2014. “Investigation of fiber distribution in concrete batches discharged from ready-mix truck.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 8 (4): 279–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-014-0083-2.
Stähli, P., R. Custer, and J. G. van Mier. 2008. “On flow properties, fibre distribution, fibre orientation and flexural behaviour of FRC.” Mater. Struct. 41 (1): 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9229-x.
Sutton, M. A., S. R. McNeill, J. Jang, and M. Babai. 1988. “Effects of subpixel image restoration on digital correlation error estimates.” J. Opt. Eng. 27 (10): 870–877. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.7976778.
Sutton, M. A., W. J. Wolters, W. H. Peters, W. F. Ranson, and S. R. McNeill. 1983. “Determination of displacements using an improved digital correlation method.” Image Vision Comput. 1 (3): 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/0262-8856(83)90064-1.
Tadepalli, P. R., H. B. Dhonde, Y. L. Mo, and T. T. Hsu. 2015. “Shear strength of prestressed steel fiber concrete I-beams.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 9 (3): 267–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-015-0109-4.
Tan, K. H., K. Murugappan, and P. Paramasivam. 1993. “Shear behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams.” ACI Struct. J. 90 (1): 3–11. https://doi.org/10.14359/9646.
Torrijos, M. C., B. E. Barragán, and R. L. Zerbino. 2010. “Placing conditions, mesostructural characteristics and post-cracking response of fibre reinforced self-compacting concretes.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (6): 1078–1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.11.008.
UNI (Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione). 2003. Concrete reinforced with steel fibers—Test method for the determination of early crack strength and ductility indexes. UNI 11039-2:2003. Milan, Italy: National Italian Unification Centre.
Yoo, D. Y., J. H. Lee, and Y. S. Yoon. 2013. “Effect of fiber content on mechanical and fracture properties of ultra high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites.” Compos. Struct. 106 (1): 742–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.07.033.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 13, 2017
Accepted: May 9, 2018
Published online: Aug 28, 2018
Published in print: Nov 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Jan 28, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.