Impact and Improvement of Crushed Tuff Sand on Sulfate Resistance of Cement Concrete at Low Temperature
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 30, Issue 10
Abstract
Experimental tests were conducted to study the thaumasite formation of sulfate attack (TSA) erosion resistance of cement concrete made with crushed tuff sand. Different specimens made with either crushed tuff sand or river sand were soaked in a mixed solution of sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate at the temperature of to simulate its working environment, and electrical pulses were used to accelerate corrosive medium migration. Afterward, the compressive strength and erosion products of before- and after-corrosion sample specimens were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the strength of concrete made with crushed tuff sand was higher than that made with river sand before corrosion. However, the difference in their strengths diminished when the specimens were exposed to sulfate and a pulsed electric field for 2 months. This means that the specimens made with crushed tuff sand suffered a greater loss of strength compared with those made with river sand. The amount of thaumasite was higher than that of ettringite in the specimens made with crushed tuff sand; for specimens made with river sand, the situation was just the opposite. The reason that the crushed tuff sand reduced the sulfate erosion resistance ability of concrete at low temperatures is discussed on the basis of the mineral composition of tuff rock powder, the porous structure of concrete, and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) microstructure of concrete. It was found that incorporating a certain amount of barium hydroxide can improve the anti-sulfate erosion ability, and the best dosage is around 4%.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51569035), Zhejiang Province Natural Science Foundation (LY15E080014), and Ningbo Municipal Major Science and Technology Projects (2013C51004).
References
Brough, A. R., and A. Atkinson. 2001. “Micro-Raman spectroscopy of thaumasite.” Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (3): 421–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00459-2.
Gao, L., H. Rong, and J. Liu. 2007. “Effective investigations of barium salts on suppressing the sulfate attack damage for concrete.” Concrete 3: 17–18. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-3550.2007.03.006.
Gao, X., and B. Ma. 2006. “Factors affecting thaumasite form of sulfate attack on cement-based materials.” Ind. Constr. 36 (12): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-8993.2006.12.001.
Hong, N. 2006. “Corrosion in water environments and durability of concrete.” Corros. Prot. 27 (4): 119–124. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-748X.2006.04.004.
Huang, Q., C. Wang, C. Yang, L. Zhou, and J. Yin. 2015. “Accelerated sulfate attack on mortars using electrical pulse.” Constr. Build. Mater. 95 (10): 875–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.034.
Jin, W., and Y. Zhao. 2002. The durability of concrete structures. [In Chinese.] Beijing: Science Press.
Karatasios, I., V. Kilikoglou, B. Colston, P. Theoulakis, and D. Watt. 2007. “Setting process of lime-based conservation mortars with barium hydroxide.” Cem. Concr. Res. 37 (6): 886–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.03.007.
Karatasios, I., V. Kilikoglou, P. Theoulakis, B. Colston, and D. Watt. 2008. “Sulphate resistance of lime-based barium mortars.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 30 (9): 815–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.06.010.
Lewin, S. Z., and N. S. Baer. 1974. “Rationale of the barium hydroxide-urea treatment of decayed stone.” Stud. Conserv. 19 (1): 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.1974.002.
Liu, J., Y. Liu, L. Shi, and S. Mu. 2016. “Combined attack of chloride-sulfate on cement-based material.” J. Build. Mater. 19 (6): 993–997. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-9629.2016.06.007.
Lu, D., and Y. Lv. 2011. “Strengthen basic research to ensure the durability of crushed tuff sand and gravel concrete.” China Concr. 22 (4): 68–72. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-7011.2011.04.013.
Luo, Y. 2014. The study of accelerate TSA using electro pulse. [In Chinese.] Chongqing, China: Chongqing Univ.
Ma, B., X. Gao, E. A. Byars, and Q. Zhou. 2006a. “Thaumasite formation in a tunnel of Bapanxia Dam in Western China.” Cem. Concr. Res. 36 (4): 716–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.10.011.
Ma, B., X. Gao, and Z. Luo. 2006b. “Effects of mineral admixtures on thaumasite form of sulfate attack of cement mortars.” J. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2: 230–234. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-7029.2006.06.009.
Mu, S. 2000. “Physical and chemical features of tuff and its development and application.” China Min. Mag. 9 (3): 17–20. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-4051.2000.03.005.
National Standards of People’s Republic of China. 1999. Method of testing cements-determination of strength. GB/T 17671-1999. Beijing, China: China Quality and Technical Supervision.
Oke, T. R. 1981. “Canyon geometry and the nocturnal heat island: Comparison of scale model and field observations.” J. Climatol. 1 (3): 237–254. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370010304.
Quan, Q., W. Xu, M. Qin, and Y. Zhou. 2015. “Comparative experimental study on concrete performance of 30 m T-shaped beam full-scale model respectively using machine-made sand and river sand.” Railway Eng. 12 (12): 147–151. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-1995.2015.12.38.
Sahu, S., S. Badger, and N. Thaulow. 2002a. “Evidence of thaumasite formation in Southern California concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 24 (3–4): 379–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00090-7.
Sahu, S., D. L. Exline, and M. P. Nelson. 2002b. “Identification of thaumasite in concrete by Raman chemical imaging.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 24 (3–4): 347–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00086-5.
Shen, F., C. Hu, and M. Zhao. 2014. “Effect of Ba2+ on microstructure of C-S-H in portland cement pastes at variable temperature regime.” J. Guilin Univ. Technol. 34 (4): 759–764. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-9057.2014.04.027.
Spiesz, P., and H. J. H. Brouwers. 2013. “The apparent and effective chloride migration coefficients obtained in migration tests.” Cem. Concr. Res. 48 (6): 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.02.005.
Stark, D. C. 2003. “Occurrence of thaumasite in deteriorated concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 25 (8): 1119–1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(03)00142-2.
Varma, S. P., and J. Bensted. 1973. “Studies of thaumasite.” Silic. Indus. 38 (2): 29–32.
Wang, C., H. Liu, Y. Luo, and H. Zhang. 2013. “Accelerated test method of sulfate attack resistance of concrete based on electrical pulse.” J. Tongji Univ. 41 (12): 1865–1871. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-374x.2013.12.017.
Wen, X., B. Ma, W. Gan, and Z. Xian. 2010. “Design and research on gradient structure concrete based on volumetric stabilization.” ACI Mater. J. 107 (6): 611–616.
Yang, L., F. Zhang, B. Ma, X. Wen, and Y. Wang. 2006. “Test methods for thaumasite form of sulfate attack.” Supplement, J. Southeast Univ. Nat. Sci. Ed. 36 (S2): 55–60.
Yuan, Y., T. Liu, and X. Liu. 2006. “Investigation and evaluation of present state and serviceability of existing river-crossing tunnel.” Supplement, J. Southeast Univ. Nat. Sci. Ed. 36 (S2): 83–89.
Zhou, Y., S. Chen, W. Zhan, M. Qin, and W. Xu. 2015. “Research on the mechanical and durability performance of tuff manufactured sand concrete used for box girder.” Constr. Technol. 18 (44): 16–18. https://doi.org/10.7672/sgjs2015180016.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 18, 2017
Accepted: Apr 10, 2018
Published online: Jul 26, 2018
Published in print: Oct 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Dec 26, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.