Micromorphology and Rheology of Warm Binders Depending on Aging
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29, Issue 11
Abstract
In this paper, the micromorphology of asphalt binders with wax warm additives is investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical microscopy before and after aging. Performance grade (PG) 64-22 asphalt binder is used to produce warm mix asphalt binder containing two wax additives, LEADCAP and Sasobit, and then the warm binders are artificially short-term and long-term aged using the rolling thin film oven (RTFO) and pressure aging vessel (PAV) procedures. Microstructure and rheology properties of the binders are characterized using AFM tapping-mode imaging techniques and the Superpave asphalt binder test, respectively. The results of this study indicate that (1) the wax type and aging level have a significant effect on the micromorphology of the binders; (2) the binders with LEADCAP exhibit no “bee-like” structures; (3) the addition of Sasobit into the binder increases the dimension of the bee-like structures regardless of the aging level and binder types; (4) the dispersed domain has higher stiffness than does the para phase; (5) the aging of the binders increases the bee shape but reduces the number of the structures; (6) the expanded peri phase is observed after the aging; and (7) the binder roughness increases after aging and shows a good relationship with the stiffness results.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AASHTO. (2012). “Standard method of test for determining the rheological properties of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR).“ AASHTO T315, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2016). “Standard method of test for determining the flexural creep stiffness of asphalt binder using the bending beam rheometer (BBR).“ AASHTO T313, Washington, DC.
Akisetty, C. K., Lee, S. J., and Amirkhanian, S. N. (2009). “High temperature properties of rubberized binders containing warm asphalt additives.” Constr. Build. Mater., 23(1), 565–573.
Allen, R. G., Little, D. N., and Bhasin, A. (2012). “Structural characterization of micromechanical properties in asphalt using atomic force microscopy.” J. Mater. Civil Eng., 1317–1327.
Allen, R. G., Little, D. N., Bhasin, A., and Glover, C. J. (2014). “The effects of chemical composition on asphalt micro-structure and their association to pavement performance.” Int. J. Pavement Eng., 15(1), 9–22.
Al-Rawashdeh, A. S., and Sargand, S. (2014). “Performance assessment of a warm asphalt binder in the presence of water by using surface free energy concepts and nanoscale techniques.” J. Mater. Civil Eng., 803–811.
Asphalt Institute. (2003). Performance graded asphalt binder specification and testing, SP-1, Lexington, KY.
Bhushan, B., and Qi, J. (2003). “Phase contrast imaging of nanocomposites and molecularly thick lubricant films in magnetic media.” Nanotechnology, 14(8), 886.
Das, P. K., Baaj, H., Tighe, S., and Kringos, N. (2015). “Atomic force microscopy to investigate asphalt binders: A state-of-the-art review.” Road Mater. Pavement Des., 17(3), 693–718.
Das, P. K., Kringos, N., and Birgisson, B. (2014). “Microscale investigation of thin film surface ageing of bitumen: Microscale investigation of bitumen surface ageing.” J. Microsc., 254(2), 95–107.
Das, P. K., Kringos, N., Wallqvist, V., and Birgisson, B. (2013). “Micro-mechanical investigation of phase separation in bitumen by combining atomic force microscopy with differential scanning calorimetry results.” Road Mater. Pavement Des., 14(S1), 25–37.
De Moraes, M. B., Pereira, R. B., Simao, R. A., and Leite, L. F. M. (2010). “High temperature AFM study of CAP 30/45 pen grade bitumen.” J. Microsc., 239(1), 46–53.
Edwards, Y., Tasdemir, Y., and Isacsson, U. (2006). “Rheological effects of commercial waxes and polyphosphoric acid in bitumen 160/220—Low temperature performance.” Fuel, 85(7), 989–997.
Fischer, H. R., Dillingh, E. C., and Hermse, C. G. M. (2014). “On the micro-structure of bituminous binders.” Road Mater. Pavement Des., 15(1), 1–15.
Jäger, A., Lackner, R., Eisenmenger-Sittner, C., and Blab, R. (2004). “Identification of microstructural components of bitumen by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM).” PAMM, 4(1), 400–401.
Kim, Y., Lee, J., Baek, C., Kwon, S., Suh, Y., and Son, J. (2013). “Evaluation of warm-mix asphalt mixtures using leadcap additive.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. Asphalt Technol., 14(2), 67–74.
Le Guern, M., Chailleux, E., Farcas, F., Dreessen, S., and Mabille, I. (2010). “Physico-chemical analysis of five hard bitumens: Identification of chemical species and molecular organization before and after artificial aging.” Fuel, 89(11), 3330–3339.
Loeber, L., Sutton, O., Morel, J. V. J. M., Valleton, J. M., and Muller, G. (1996). “New direct observations of asphalts and asphalt binders by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.” J. Microsc., 182(1), 32–39.
Lu, X., Langton, M., Olofsson, P., and Redelius, P. (2005). “Wax morphology in bitumen.” J. Mater. Sci., 40(8), 1893–1900.
Masson, J. F., Leblond, V., and Margeson, J. (2006). “Bitumen morphologies by phase-detection atomic force microscopy.” J. Microsc., 221(1), 17–29.
Mazumder, M., Kim, H. H., and Lee, S.-J. (2016). “Performance properties of polymer modified asphalt binders with wax additives.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol., 9(2), 128–139.
Menapace, I., Masad, E., Bhasin, A., and Little, D. (2015). “Microstructural properties of warm mix asphalt before and after laboratory-simulated long-term ageing.” Road Mater. Pavement Des., 16(S1), 2–20.
Nazzal, M. D., and Abu-Qtaish, L. (2013). “The use of atomic force microscopy to evaluate warm mix asphalt.”, Ohio Dept. of Transportation, Research & Development, Athens, OH.
Nazzal, M. D., Abu-Qtaish, L., Kaya, S., and Powers, D. (2015). “Using atomic force microscopy to evaluate the nanostructure and nanomechanics of warm mix asphalt.” J. Mater. Civil Eng., 04015005.
Pauli, A. T., Grimes, R. W., Beemer, A. G., Turner, T. F., and Branthaver, J. F. (2011). “Morphology of asphalts, asphalt fractions and model wax-doped asphalts studied by atomic force microscopy.” Int. J. Pavement Eng., 12(4), 291–309.
Pauli, T., Grimes, W., Cookman, A., and Huang, S.-C. (2014). “Adherence energy of asphalt thin films measured by force-displacement atomic force microscopy.” J. Mater. Civil Eng., 04014089.
Poulikakos, L. D., dos Santos, S., Bueno, M., Kuentzel, S., Hugener, M., and Partl, M. N. (2014). “Influence of short and long term aging on chemical, microstructural and macro-mechanical properties of recycled asphalt mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater., 51, 414–423.
Qin, Q., Farrar, M. J., Pauli, A. T., and Adams, J. J. (2014). “Morphology, thermal analysis and rheology of Sasobit modified warm mix asphalt binders.” Fuel, 115, 416–425.
Rebelo, L. M., et al. (2014a). “Aging of asphaltic binders investigated with atomic force microscopy.” Fuel, 117, 15–25.
Rebelo, L. M., Cavalcante, P. N., de Sousa, J. S., Mendes Filho, J., Soares, S. A., and Soares, J. B. (2014b). “Micromorphology and microrheology of modified bitumen by atomic force microscopy.” Road Mater. Pavement Des., 15(2), 300–311.
Schmets, A., Kringos, N., Pauli, T., Redelius, P., and Scarpas, T. (2010). “On the existence of wax-induced phase separation in bitumen.” Int. J. Pavement Eng., 11(6), 555–563.
Soenen, H., et al. (2014). “Laboratory investigation of bitumen based on round robin DSC and AFM tests.” Mater. Struct., 47(7), 1205–1220.
Thomas, T. R. (1999). Rough surface, 2nd Ed., Imperial College Press, London.
Wu, S., Pang, L., Mo, L., Chen, Y., and Zhu, G. (2009). “Influence of aging on the evolution of structure, morphology and rheology of base and SBS modified bitumen.” Constr. Build. Mater., 23(2), 1005–1010.
Xiao, F., and Amirkhanian, S. N. (2010). “Effects of liquid antistrip additives on rheology and moisture susceptibility of water bearing warm mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater., 24(9), 1649–1655.
Zhang, H., Yu, J., and Wu, S. (2012a). “Effect of montmorillonite organic modification on ultraviolet aging properties of SBS modified bitumen.” Constr. Build. Mater., 27(1), 553–559.
Zhang, H. L., Wang, H. C., and Yu, J. Y. (2011). “Effect of aging on morphology of organo-montmorillonite modified bitumen by atomic force microscopy.” J. Microsc., 242(1), 37–45.
Zhang, H. L., Yu, J. Y., Feng, Z. G., Xue, L. H., and Wu, S. P. (2012b). “Effect of aging on the morphology of bitumen by atomic force microscopy.” J. Microsc., 246(1), 11–19.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29 • Issue 11 • November 2017
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 14, 2016
Accepted: May 24, 2017
Published online: Sep 12, 2017
Published in print: Nov 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Feb 12, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.