Performance of Asphalt Mixtures with High Recycled Contents Using Rejuvenators and Warm-Mix Additive: Field and Lab Experiments
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29, Issue 10
Abstract
To improve the cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures with high recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and reclaimed asphalt shingles (RAS) contents, one approach is to use a recycling agent (RA) (i.e., rejuvenator) to potentially restore the performance properties of the aged binder. This project was conducted to evaluate the effect of recycling agents on the laboratory test results and field performance of mixes with high recycled contents. The field study consisted of three mixtures: A control mix containing 20% RAP and no RA, and two experimental mixes with different rejuvenators containing 25% RAP and 5% RAS. The control mix was produced at a typical hot-mix asphalt (HMA) production temperature [149°C (300°F)], while the experimental mixes were produced as warm-mix asphalt (WMA) [129°C (265°F)]. Two rejuvenators were used in the study. This paper presents data collected during the construction of the test sections, laboratory test results, and early field performance (approximately two years). Compared to the control mix, both the experimental mixes with 25% RAP plus 5% RAS showed similar rutting resistance but significantly lower resistance to cracking based on lab test results and field performance data. The lab test results, especially for overlay test (OT) and Illinois flexibility index test (I-FIT), are in agreement with the field cracking performance of these mixes—the experimental mixes with OT cycles below 125 and flexibility indexes below three cracked within two years in the field. Thus, further research can be conducted to refine these criteria for use in mix design and/or quality control (QC)/quality assurance (QA) to avoid premature mixture cracking in the future.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Alabama Department of Transportation for their support and assistance in this research project.
References
AASHTO. (2009). “Standard practice for preparation of cylindrical performance test specimens using the superpave gyratory compactor (SGC).” AASHTO PP60, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2010a). “Standard method of test for determining the rutting susceptibility of hot mix asphalt (HMA) using the asphalt pavement analyzer (APA).” AASHTO T340, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2010b). “Standard practice for developing dynamic modulus master curves for hot mix asphalt (HMA) using the asphalt mixture performance tester (AMPT).” AASHTO PP61, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2010c). “Standard specification for performance-graded asphalt binder.” AASHTO M320, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2011). “Practice for grading or verifying the performance grade (PG) of an asphalt binder.” AASHTO R29, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2012a). “Standard method of test for determining the dynamic modulus and flow number for asphalt mixtures using the asphalt mixture performance tester (AMPT).” AASHTO TP79, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2012b). “Standard method of test for resistance of compacted asphalt mixtures to moisture-induced damage.” AASHTO T283, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2013a). “Standard method of test for bulk specific gravity () of compacted hot mix asphalt (HMA) using saturated surface-dry specimens.” AASHTO T166, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2013b). “Standard method of test for materials finer than 75-um (no. 200) sieve in mineral aggregates by washing.” AASHTO T11, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2013c). “Standard practice for determination of low-temperature performance grade (PG) of asphalt binders.” AASHTO R49-09, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2014a). “Standard method of test for quantitative extraction of asphalt binder from hot mix asphalt (HMA).” AASHTO T164, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2014b). “Standard method of test for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates.” AASHTO T27, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2016). “Provisional standard method of test for determining the fracture potential of asphalt mixtures using semicircular bend geometry (SCB) at intermediate temperature.” AASHTO TP124-16, Washington, DC.
ALDOT (Alabama Department of Transportation). (2013). “Contractor quality control system for hot-mix asphalt.” ALDOT-375, Montgomery, AL.
Anderson, M., King, G., Hanson, D., and Blankenship, P. (2011). “Evaluation of the relationship between asphalt binder properties and non-load related cracking.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol., 80, 615–664.
ASTM. (2012). “Standard practice for recovery of asphalt from solution using the rotary evaporator.” ASTM D5404/D5404M, West Conshohocken, PA.
Cooper, S., Mohammad, L., and Elseifi, M. (2014). “Laboratory performance of asphalt mixtures containing recycled asphalt shingles.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2445, 94–102.
Cooper, S., Mohammad, L., Elseifi, M., and Medeiros, M. (2015). “Effect of recycling agents on the laboratory performance of asphalt mixtures containing recycled asphalt shingles.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2506, 54–61.
Hajj, E., Souliman, M., Alavi, M., and Salazar, L. (2013). “Influence of hydrogreen bioasphalt on viscoelastic properties of reclaimed asphalt mixtures.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2371, 13–22.
Hong, F., Chen, D., and Mikhail, M. (2010). “Long-term performance evaluation of recycled asphalt pavement results from Texas.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2180, 58–66.
Hou, Y., Wang, L., Yue, P., Pauli, T., and Sun, W. (2014). “Modeling mode I cracking failure in asphalt binder by using nonconserved phase-field model.” J. Mater. Civil Eng., 684–691.
Im, S., and Zhou, F. (2014). “Field performance of RAS test sections and laboratory investigation of impact of rejuvenators on engineering properties of RAP/RAS mixes.”, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, TX.
Kandhal, P. S., Rao, S., Watson, D., and Young, B. (1995). “Performance of recycled hot mix asphalt mixtures.”, National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn, AL.
Li, X., Gibson, N., Andriescu, A., and Arnold, T. S. (2016). “Performance evaluation of REOB modified asphalt binders and mixtures.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol., 85, 209–244.
Mallick, R., Tao, M., O’Sullivan, K., and Frank, R. (2010). “Why not use rejuvenator for 100% RAP recycling?” Proc., 89th TRB Annual Meeting, TRB, Washington, DC.
Mastersolver version 2.2 [Computer software]. Advanced Asphalt Technologies, LLC, Sterling, VA.
Minitab [Computer software]. Minitab, Inc., State College, PA.
O’Sullivan, K. (2011). “Rejuvenation of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in hot mix asphalt recycling with high rap content.” M.S. thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA.
Punith, V. S., Xiao, F., and Wingard, D. (2013). “Performance characterization of half warm mix asphalt using foaming technology.” J. Mater. Civil Eng., 382–392.
Tran, N., et al. (2016). “Effect of a recycling agent on the performance of high-RAP and high-RAS mixtures: Field and lab experiments.” J. Mater. Civil Eng., 29(1), 04016178-1–04016178-8.
Tran, N., Taylor, A., and Willis, R. (2012). “Effect of rejuvenator on performance properties of HMA mixtures with high RAP and RAS contents.”, National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn, AL.
TxDOT (Texas Department of Transportation). (2014). “Test procedure for overlay test, TxDOT designation.”, Austin, TX.
West, R. (2015). “Best practices for RAP and RAS management.”, National Asphalt Pavement Association, Lanham, MD.
West, R., and Copeland, A. (2015). “High RAP asphalt pavements: Japan practice: Lessons learned.”, National Asphalt Pavement Association, Lanham, MD.
West, R., Kvasnak, A., Tran, N., Powell, B., and Turner, P. (2009). “Testing of moderate and high reclaimed pavement content mixes: Laboratory and accelerated field performance testing at the national center for asphalt technology test track.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2126, 100–108.
West, R., Michael, J., Turochy, R., and Maghsoodloo, S. (2011). “Use of data from specific pavement studies experiment in the long-term pavement performance program to compare virgin and recycled asphalt pavements.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2208, 82–89.
Willis, R. (2013). “Reclaimed asphalt shingles characterization: Best practices.”, National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn, AL.
Xiao, F., Hou, X., Amirkhanian, S., and Kim, K. (2016). “Superpave evaluation of higher RAP contents using WMA technologies.” Constr. Build. Mater., 112, 1080–1087.
Xu, S., Xiao, F., Amirkhanian, S., and Singh, D. (2017). “Moisture characteristics of mixtures with warm mix asphalt technologies—A review.” Constr. Build. Mater., 142, 148–161.
Zhao, S., Huang, B., Shu, X., Jia, X., and Woods, M. (2012). “Laboratory performance evaluation of warm-mix asphalt containing high percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2294, 98–105.
Zhao, S., Huang, B., Shu, X., and Woods, M. (2015). “Quantitative characterization of binder blending how much recycled binder is mobilized during mixing?” Transp. Res. Rec., 2506, 72–80.
Zhou, F., Hu, S., Hu, X., Das, G., and Scullion, T. (2011). “High RAP mix design methodology with balanced performance.”, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, TX.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29 • Issue 10 • October 2017
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 18, 2016
Accepted: Apr 13, 2017
Published online: Jul 22, 2017
Published in print: Oct 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Dec 22, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.