Asphalt Surface Mixtures with Improved Performance Using Waste Polymers via Dry and Wet Processes
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29, Issue 10
Abstract
The mechanical performance of a typical surface course mixture, modified with two different plastic wastes, both via the wet and dry processes, was evaluated in this study. Water sensitivity, rutting resistance, stiffness modulus, and fatigue cracking resistance tests were used. The results obtained indicated that the polymer-modified mixtures showed similar or improved performance when compared with that of a conventional control mixture produced with a harder virgin grade bitumen, not always available, or available at higher costs, in several countries. Thus, modifying asphalt mixtures with these plastic wastes can be an economical and ecological alternative for paving works. Moreover, the mixtures produced via the dry process showed increased water sensitivity and stiffness modulus properties. This holds out new possibilities for use of polymer-modified mixtures, especially in developing countries, because it widens the possibility of using locally available bitumen, of variable quality, for producing mixtures with higher performance. This can be achieved at real scale with no major extra costs because the dry process does not require modification of typical asphalt plants.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial and material support given by some institutions. This work is funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) funds through the Operational Competitiveness Program—COMPETE and by National funds by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT)—Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology in the scope of Project FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-020335 (PTDC/ECM/119179/2010). Thanks are also due to Gintegral (for the supply of recycled polymers) and CEPSA (for the supply of bitumen).
References
Abreu, L. P. F., Oliveira, J. R. M., Silva, H. M. R. D., and Fonseca, P. V. (2015). “Recycled asphalt mixtures produced with high percentage of different waste materials.” Constr. Build. Mater., 84, 230–238.
Ahmadinia, E., Zargar, M., Karim, M. R., Abdelaziz, M., and Ahmadinia, E. (2012). “Performance evaluation of utilization of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in stone mastic asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater., 36, 984–989.
Ahmadinia, E., Zargar, M., Karim, M. R., Abdelaziz, M., and Shafigh, P. (2011). “Using waste plastic bottles as additive for stone mastic asphalt.” Mater. Des., 32(10), 4844–4849.
ASTM. (1999). “Standard test method for enthalpies of fusion and crystallization of polymers by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).” ASTM D3417, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2006). “Standard test method for resistance to degradation of small-size coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles machine.” ASTM C131/C131M, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2010). “Standard test method for determining fatigue failure of compacted asphalt concrete subjected to repeated flexural bending.” ASTM D7460-10, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2012). “ Standard test method for indirect tensile (IDT) strength of bituminous mixtures.” ASTM D6931, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2013a). “Standard test method for penetration of bituminous materials.” ASTM D5/D5M-13, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2013b). “Standard test methods for density and specific gravity (relative density) of plastics by displacement.” ASTM D792, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2014a). “Standard test method for sand equivalent value of soils and fine aggregate.” ASTM D2419, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2014b). “Standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates.” ASTM C136/C136M, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2014c). “Standard test method for softening point of bitumen (ring-and-ball apparatus).” ASTM D36/D36M-14, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2015a). “Standard test method for marshall stability and flow of asphalt mixtures.” ASTM D6927, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2015b). “Standard test method for multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer.” ASTM D7405, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2015c). “Standard test methods for rheological properties of non-newtonian materials by rotational viscometer.” ASTM D2196, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2016). “Standard practice for preparation of asphalt mixture specimens using Marshall apparatus.” ASTM D6926, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bense, P. (1983). “Enrobés armés par déchets de matières plastiques [Asphalt mixtures reinforced with plastic waste].” Bull Liaison Lab Ponts Chauss, 128, 99–106 (in French).
Bestgen, J., Hatipoglu, M., Cetin, B., and Aydilek, A. (2016). “Mechanical and environmental suitability of recycled concrete aggregate as a highway base material.” J. Mater. Civil Eng., 04016067.
Celauro, B., Celauro, C., Di Francisca, A., and Giuffrè, O. (2004). “Effect of the construction process on the performances of asphalt paving mixes with crumb rubber from scrap tyres.” Proc., 3rd Eurasphalt and Eurobitume Congress, Foundation Eurasphalt, Breukelen, 757–769.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (1999). “Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates. Part 9: Assessment of fines. Methylene Blue test.”, Brussels, Belgium.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2000a). “Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates. Part 2: Determination of particle density and water absorption.” EN 1097-2, Brussels, Belgium.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2000b). “Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates. Part 6: Determination of particle density and water absorption.”, Brussels, Belgium.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2003a). “Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Determination of the indirect tensile strength of bituminous specimens.” EN 12697-23, Brussels, Belgium.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2003b). “Hot applied joint sealants. Test method for the determination of penetration and recovery (resilience).”, Brussels, Belgium.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2004). “Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 35: Laboratory mixing.” EN 12697-35, Brussels, Belgium.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2006). “Bituminous mixtures. Material specifications. Part 1: Asphalt concrete.”, Brussels, Belgium.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2007a). “Bitumen and bituminous binders. Determination of the softening point. Ring and Ball method.”, Brussels, Belgium.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2007b). “Bitumen and bituminous binders—Determination of needle penetration.” EN 1426, Brussels, Belgium.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2008). “Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 12: Determination of the water sensitivity of bituminous specimens.” EN 12697-12, Brussels, Belgium.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2009). “Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates—Part 1: Determination of particle size distribution—Sieving method.”, Brussels, Belgium.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2010). “Bitumen and bituminous binders. Determination of dynamic viscosity of bituminous binder using a rotating spindle apparatus.”, Brussels, Belgium.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2012a). “Bitumen and bituminous binders. Determination of complex shear modulus and phase angle. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR).” EN 14770, Brussels, Belgium.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2012b). “Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 22: Wheel tracking.”, Brussels, Belgium.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2012c). “Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 24: Resistance to fatigue.” EN 12697-24, Brussels, Belgium.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2012d). “Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 26: Stiffness.”, Brussels, Belgium.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2012e). “Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates. Part 3: Determination of particle shape. Flakiness index.”, Brussels, Belgium.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2012f). “Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates. Part 8: Assessment of fines. Sand equivalent test.”, Brussels, Belgium.
Costa, L., Silva, H. M. R. D., Oliveira, J. R. M., and Fernandes, S. R. M. (2013). “Incorporation of waste plastic in asphalt binders to improve their performance in the pavement.” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol., 6(4), 457–464.
Dinis-Almeida, M., Castro-Gomes, J., Sangiorgi, C., Zoorob, S. E., and Afonso, M. L. (2016). “Performance of warm mix recycled asphalt containing up to 100% RAP.” Constr. Build. Mater., 112, 1–6.
Dondi, G., Pettinari, M., Sangiorgi, C., and Zoorob, S. E. (2013). “Traditional and dissipated energy approaches to compare the 2PB and 4PB flexural methodologies on a warm mix asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater., 47, 833–839.
EP (Estradas de Portugal). (2014). “Pavimentação: Caracteristicas dos materiais [Road paving: Characteristics of materials].” Caderno de encargos tipo obra [National specifications], Estradas de Portugal S. A., Almada, Portugal (in Portuguese).
García-Travé, G., Tauste, R., Moreno-Navarro, F., Sol-Sánchez, M., and Rubio-Gámez, M. (2016). “Use of reclaimed geomembranes for modification of mechanical performance of bituminous binders.” J. Mater. Civil Eng., 04016021.
Giuliani, F., Merusi, F., Filippi, S., Biondi, D., Finocchiaro, M. L., and Polacco, G. (2009). “Effects of polymer modification on the fuel resistance of asphalt binders.” Fuel, 88(9), 1539–1546.
Gómez-Meijide, B., Pérez, I., and Pasandín, A. R. (2016). “Recycled construction and demolition waste in cold asphalt mixtures: Evolutionary properties.” J. Cleaner Prod., 112(1), 588–598.
ISO. (2011). “Plastics—Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Part 3: Determination of temperature, and enthalpy of melting, and crystallization.” ISO 11357-3, Geneva.
Karmakar, S., and Roy, T. (2016). “Effect of waste plastic and waste tires ash on mechanical behavior of bitumen.” J. Mater. Civil Eng., 04016006.
Kim, S., Lee, S. J., Lee, S., and Kim, K. W. (2013). “Evaluation of rut resistance of polymer-modified asphalt concretes.” Adv. Mater. Res., 687, 282–288.
Lastra-González, P., Calzada-Pérez, M. A., Castro-Fresno, D., Vega-Zamanillo, Á., and Indacoechea-Vega, I. (2016). “Comparative analysis of the performance of asphalt concretes modified by dry way with polymeric waste.” Constr. Build. Mater., 112, 1133–1140.
Maze, M. M., Largeaud, S., Brule, B., and Moussu, L. (2000). “Recyclage des déchets de polyéthylène. Méthodes rapides de caractérisation performantielle [Recycling of polyethylene waste. Rapid methods for performance characterization].” Revue Gén. Routes Aérodromes, 764, 47–58 (in French).
MIT (Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport). (2002). “Studio a carattere pre-normativo delle Norme tecniche di Tipo Prestazionale per Capitolati Speciali d’Appalto [Study of pre-normative character of the performance-type technical standards for special tender specifications].” Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei Trasporti-Ispettorato per la Circolazione e la Sicurezza Stradale [Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport-Inspectorate for Traffic and Road Safety], Rome (in Italian).
Modarres, A., and Hamedi, H. (2014). “Effect of waste plastic bottles on the stiffness and fatigue properties of modified asphalt mixes.” Mater. Des., 61, 8–15.
Naskar, M., Chaki, T. K., and Reddy, K. S. (2010). “Effect of waste plastic as modifier on thermal stability and degradation kinetics of bitumen/waste plastics blend.” Thermochim. Acta, 509(1–2), 128–134.
Oliveira, J. R. M., Silva, H. M. R. D., Abreu, L. P. F., and Fernandes, S. R. M. (2013a). “Use of a warm mix asphalt additive to reduce the production temperatures and to improve the performance of asphalt rubber mixtures.” J. Cleaner Prod., 41, 15–22.
Oliveira, J. R. M., Silva, H. M. R. D., and Pais, J. C. (2013b). “Different solutions for road pavement recycling.” Recycling: Technological systems, management practices and environmental impact, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, 1–56.
Pasandín, A. R., Pérez, I., Oliveira, J. R. M., Silva, H. M. R. D., and Pereira, P. A. A. (2015). “Influence of ageing on the properties of bitumen from asphalt mixtures with recycled concrete aggregates.” J. Cleaner Prod., 101, 165–173.
Pettinari, M., Dondi, G., Sangiorgi, C., and Hededal, O. (2014). “The effect of cryogenic crumb rubber in cold recycled mixes for road pavements.” Constr. Build. Mater., 63, 249–256.
Praticò, F. G. (2007). “Quality and timeliness in highway construction contracts: A new acceptance model based on both mechanical and surface performance of flexible pavements.” Constr. Manage. Econ., 25(3), 305–313.
Praticò, F. G., Tramontana, D., and Casciano, A. (2010). “Bitumen quality, pavement LCCA and contractor’s expectations.” GeoShanghai 2010: Paving Materials and Pavement Analysis, ASCE, Reston, VA, 523–529.
Rahi, M., Fini, E. H., Hajikarimi, P., and Nejad, F. M. (2015). “Rutting characteristics of styrene-ethylene/propylene-styrene polymer modified asphalt.” J. Mater. Civil Eng., 04014154.
Serfass, J. P., Bense, P., and Tessonneau, H. (2000). “Enrobés bitumineux modifiés au polyéthylène [Asphalt mixtures modified with polyethylene].” Revue Générale des Routes et des Aerodromes, 787, 47–57 (in French).
Silva, H. M. R. D., Machado, A. V., Oliveira, J. R. M., and Costa, L. M. B. (2011). “Waste polymers recycling in high performance asphalt mixtures.” WASTES: Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities—1st Int.Conf., Centro para a Valorização de Resíduos (Centre for Waste Valorization), Guimarães, Portugal.
Silva, H. M. R. D., Oliveira, J. R. M., and Jesus, C. M. G. (2012). “Are totally recycled hot mix asphalts a sustainable alternative for road paving?” Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 60, 38–48.
Wang, S., Wang, Q., Wu, X., and Zhang, Y. (2015). “Asphalt modified by thermoplastic elastomer based on recycled rubber.” Constr. Build. Mater., 93, 678–684.
Xu, M., Liu, J., Li, W., and Duan, W. (2015). “Novel method to prepare activated crumb rubber used for synthesis of activated crumb rubber modified asphalt.” J. Mater. Civil Eng., 04014173.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29 • Issue 10 • October 2017
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 13, 2016
Accepted: Mar 26, 2017
Published online: Jun 29, 2017
Published in print: Oct 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Nov 29, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.