Relaxation of Hardening in Asphalt Concrete under Cyclic Compression Loading
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29, Issue 5
Abstract
The present experimental study investigated the behavior of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) under repetitive creep and recovery loading. Cylindrical samples of HMA were subjected to trapezoidal and haversine loading followed by unloading. Different amounts of unloading (stress reduction) and relaxation periods (rest periods in complete unloading) were tested. The measured vertical deformation was decomposed into viscoelastic and viscoplastic components. It was observed for cyclic loading that an increase in unloading and/or relaxation period increased the recovery of viscoelastic strain, which in turn increased the accumulated viscoplastic strain in subsequent loading cycles. It appears that repetitive creep and recovery loading caused slight reorientation of the aggregates and changes in the microstructure. This led to relaxation of stress hardening of the materials and resulted in higher viscoplastic strain in subsequent cycles.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Abu Al-Rub, R. K., and Darabi, M. K. (2012). “A thermodynamic framework for constitutive modeling of time- and rate-dependent materials. Part I: Theory.” Int. J. Plast., 34, 61–92.
Abu Al-Rub, R. K., Darabi, M. K., Little, D. N., and Masad, E. A. (2010). “A micro-damage healing model that improves prediction of fatigue life in asphalt mixes.” Int. J. Eng. Sci., 48(11), 966–990.
ASTM. (2003). “Standard test method for dynamic modulus of asphalt mixtures.” ASTM D3494, West Conshohocken, PA.
Cao, W., and Kim, Y. R. (2016). “A viscoplastic model for the confined permanent deformation of asphalt concrete in compression.” J. Mech. Mat., 92, 235–247.
Carvalho, R. L. (2012). “Prediction of permanent deformation in asphalt concrete.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD.
Castillo, D., Caro, S., Darabi, M., and Masad, E. (2015). “Studying the effect of microstructural properties on the mechanical degradation of asphalt mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater., 93, 70–83.
Darabi, M. K., Abu Al-Rub, R. K., Masad, E. A., Huang, C. W., and Little, D. N. (2011). “A thermo-viscoelastic-viscoplastic-viscodamage constitutive model for asphaltic materials.” Int. J. Solids Struct., 48(1), 191–207.
Darabi, M. K., Abu Al-Rub, R. K., Masad, E. A., Huang, C. W., and Little, D. N. (2012a). “A modified viscoplastic model to predict the permanent deformation of asphaltic materials under cyclic-compression loading at high temperatures.” Int. J. Plast., 35, 100–134.
Darabi, M. K., Abu Al-Rub, R. K., Masad, E. A., Huang, C. W., and Little, D. N. (2012b). “A thermodynamic framework for constitutive modeling of time- and rate-dependent materials. Part II: Numerical aspects and application to asphalt concrete.” Int. J. Plast., 35, 67–99.
Darabi, M. K., Abu Al-Rub, R. K., Masad, E. A., and Little, D. N. (2013a). “Constitutive modeling of fatigue damage response of asphalt concrete materials with consideration of micro-damage healing.” Int. J. Solids Struct., 50(19), 2901–2913.
Darabi, M. K., Abu Al-Rub, R. K., Masad, E. A., and Little, D. N. (2013b). “Cyclic hardening-relaxation viscoplasticity model for asphalt concrete materials.” J. Eng. Mech., 832–847.
Darabi, M. K., Al-Rub, R. K. A., Masad, E. A., and Little, D. N. (2012c). “Thermodynamic-based model for coupling temperature-dependent viscoelastic, viscoplastic, and viscodamage constitutive behavior of asphalt mixtures.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 36(7), 817–854.
Huang, C. W., Abu Al-Rub, R. K., Masad, E. A., and Little, D. N. (2011a). “Three-dimensional simulations of asphalt pavement permanent deformation using a nonlinear viscoelastic and viscoplastic model.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 56–68.
Huang, C. W., Abu Al-Rub, R. K., Masad, E. A., Little, D. N., and Airey, G. V. (2011b). “Numerical implementation and validation of a nonlinear viscoelastic and viscoplastic model for asphalt mixes.” Int. J. Pavement Eng., 12(4), 433–447.
Kim, R. Y., Underwood, S., Chehab, G. R., Daniel, J. S., Lee, H. J., and Yun, T. Y. (2009). “VEPCD modeling of asphalt concrete with growing damage.” Modeling of asphalt concrete, R. Y. Kim, ed., ASCE, New York.
Masad, E. A., Huang, C. W., D’Angelo, J., and Little, D. N. (2009). “Characterization of asphalt binder resistance to permanent deformation based on nonlinear viscoelastic analysis of multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Pavement, 78, 471–501.
Masad, E. A., Tashman, L., Little, D. N., and Zabib, H. (2005). “Viscoplastic modeling of asphalt mixes with the effect of anisotropy, damage and aggregate characteristics.” Mech. Mater., 37(12), 1242–1256.
MEPDG 1.1 [Computer software]. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), Washington, DC.
Nguyen, D. T., Nedjar, B., and Tamagny, P. (2007). “Cyclic elasto-viscoplastic model for asphalt concrete materials.” Road Mater. Pavement, 8(2), 239–255.
Nilsson, B. R., Chehab, G. R., and Kim, R. Y. (2004). “Application of viscoelastoplastic continuum damage tensile model to asphalt mixes in Sweden.” Road Mater. Pavement, 5(sup 1), 133–161.
Park, W. D., Martin, E. A., Lee, S. H., and Masad, E. A. (2005). “Characterization of permanent deformation of an asphalt mixture using a mechanistic approach.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng., 9(3), 213–218.
Rushing, J. F., Darabi, M. K., Rahmani, E., and Little, D. N. (2015). “Comparing rutting of airfield pavements to simulations using pavement analysis using nonlinear damage approach (PANDA).” Int. J. Pavement Eng., 1–22.
Saadeh, S. A. R. (2005). “Characterization of asphalt concrete using anisotropic damage viscoelastic-viscoplastic model.” Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX.
Saadeh, S. A. R., Masad, E. A., and Little, D. N. (2007). “Characterization of asphalt mix response under repeated loading using anisotropic nonlinear viscoelastic-viscoplastic model.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 912–924.
Schapery, R. A. (1969). “On the characterization of nonlinear viscoelastic materials.” Polym. Eng. Sci., 9(4), 295–310.
Sohm, J., Gabet, T., Hornych, P., Piau, J. M., and Di Benedetto, H. (2012). “Creep tests on bituminous mixtures and modeling.” Road Mater. Pavement, 13(4), 832–849.
Subramanian, V., Guddati, M. N., and Kim, R. Y. (2013). “A viscoplastic model for rate-dependent hardening for asphalt concrete in compression.” Mech. Mater., 59, 142–159.
Thyagarajan, S. (2009). “Improvements to strain computation and reliability analysis of flexible pavements in the mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State Univ., Washington, DC.
Yun, T., and Kim, R. Y. (2011a). “Experimental investigation of rate-dependent hardening-softening behavior of hot mix asphalt in compression.” Road Mater. Pavement, 12(1), 99–114.
Yun, T., and Kim, Y. R. (2011b). “A viscoplastic constitutive model for hot mix asphalt in compression at high confining pressure.” Constr. Build. Mater., 25(5), 2733–2740.
Yun, T., and Kim, Y. R. (2011c). “Modeling of viscoplastic rate-dependent hardening softening behavior of hot mix asphalt in compression.” Mech. Time-Depend. Mater., 15(1), 89–103.
Zhu, H., and Sun, L. (2013). “A viscoelastic-viscoplastic damage constitutive model for asphalt mixtures based on thermodynamics.” Int. J. Plast., 40, 81–100.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 24, 2015
Accepted: Sep 8, 2016
Published online: Nov 23, 2016
Discussion open until: Apr 23, 2017
Published in print: May 1, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.