Cracking Resistance Evaluation of Mixtures with High Percentages of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 29, Issue 4
Abstract
Incorporation of high quantities of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in new asphalt pavement construction is a contemporary approach for promoting sustainable roadway systems. Many highway agencies, however, have reported premature cracking and raveling of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements constructed with high RAP content. In this study, cracking resistance of HMA Superpave mixtures with 20–40% RAP from various sources was evaluated by conducting semicircular bending (SCB), Texas overlay (OT), dynamic modulus (DM), and simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (S-VECD) tests. Test outputs were analyzed using a full-factorial two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s multiple comparison methods to quantify the effect of RAP quality and quantity on performance characteristics of Superpave mixtures. Although the SCB, OT, and S-VECD tests satisfactorily assessed cracking characteristics of HMA mixtures, results showed that the S-VECD test precisely captured the individual and combined effects of RAP source and RAP content. The DM test was unable to assess HMA mixture stiffness influenced by increased RAP contents or altered using various RAP sources due to the high error associated with the ANOVA model.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge KDOT for providing funding for this study under its Kansas Transportation and New Developments (K-TRAN) program.
References
AASHTO. (2007). “Standard method of test for determining dynamic modulus of hot-mix asphalt concrete mixtures.” AASHTO TP62-07, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2013). “Standard practice for developing dynamic modulus master curve for hot mix asphalt (HMA) using the asphalt mixture performance tester (AMPT).” AASHTO PP 61-13, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2014). “Standard method of test for determining the damage characteristic curve of asphalt mixtures from direct tension cyclic fatigue tests.” AASHTO TP 107-14. Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2015a). “Bulk specific gravity of compacted asphalt mixtures using saturated surface-dry specimens.” AASHTO T166, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2015b). “Theoretical maximum specific gravity and density of bituminous paving mixtures.” AASHTO T209, Washington, DC.
Ahmed, A. (2015). “Evaluation of cracking potential of Superpave mixtures with high reclaimed asphalt pavement content.” Graduate theses and M.S. dissertation, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS.
Al-Qadi, I. L., Carpenter, S. H., Roberts, G. L., Ozer, H., and Aurangzeb, Q. (2009). “Investigation of working binder in hot-mix asphalt containing recycled asphalt pavements.” Transportation Research Board 88th Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Cao, K., Huang, L., and Zeng, M. (2009). “Evaluation of semicircular bending test for determining tensile strength and stiffness modulus of asphalt mixtures.” J. Test. Eval., 37(2), 1–7.
Cao, W., Norouzi, A., and Kim, Y. R. (2016). “Application of viscoelastic continuum damage approach to predict fatigue performance of Binzhou perpetual pavements.” J. Traffic Transp. Eng., 3(2), 104–115.
Daniel, J. S., and Lachance, A. (2005). “Mechanistic and volumetric properties of asphalt mixtures with recycled asphalt pavement.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1929, 28–36.
Dony, A., Colin, J., Bruneau, D., Drouadaine, I., and Navaro, J. (2013). “Changes in reclaimed binder properties according to rejuvenating agent.” Constr. Build. Mater., 41, 175–181.
Gautam, P. A., and Pokharel, S. K. (2013). “Tolerable strains for hot mix asphalt overlays over concrete pavements.”, Kansas Dept. of Transportation, Topeka, KS.
Guercio, M. C., Mehta, Y., and McCarthy, L. M. (2015). “Evaluation of fatigue cracking performance of asphalt mixtures under heavy static and dynamic aircraft loads.” Constr. Build. Mater., 95, 813–819.
Haddadi, F., Ameri, M., Mirabimoghadam, M. H., Hosseini, H. R. A., (2015). “Validation of a simplified method in viscoelastic continuum damage (VECD) model developed for flexural mode of loading.” Constr. Build. Mater., 95, 892–897.
Hossain, M., Musty, H. Y., and Sabahfar, N. (2012). “Use of high-volume reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) for asphalt pavement rehabilitation due to increased highway truck traffic from freight transportation.”,Mid-America Transportation Center, Lincoln, NE.
Huang, B., Li, G., Vukosavljevic, D., Shu, X., and Egan, B. K. (2005). “Laboratory investigation of mixing hot-mix asphalt with reclaimed asphalt pavement.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1929(1), 37–45.
Huang, B., Shu, X., and Zuo, G. (2013). “Using notched semi circular bending fatigue test to characterize fracture resistance of asphalt mixtures.” Eng. Fract. Mech., 109, 78–88.
Huang, L., Cao, K., and Zeng, M. (2009). “Evaluation of semicircular bending test for determining tensile strength and stiffness modulus of asphalt mixtures.” J. Test. Eval., 37(2), 122–128.
Karlsson, R., and Isacsson, U. (2006). “Material-related aspects of asphalt recycling—State-of-the-art.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 81–92.
Kim, Y. R., Guddati, M. N., Underwood, B. S., Yun, T. Y., Subramanian, V., and Savadatti, S. (2009). “Development of a multiaxial viscoelastoplastic continuum damage model for asphalt mixtures.”, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC.
Koohi, Y., Luo, R., Lytton, R., and Scullion, T. (2013). “New methodology to find the healing and fracture properties of asphalt mixes using overlay tester.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 1386–1393.
Kuehl, R. O. (2000). Designs of experiments: Statistical principles of research design and analysis, Duxbury Press, New York.
Li, J., Oh, J., Naik, B., Simate, G. S., and Walubita, L. F. (2014). “Laboratory characterization of cracking-resistance potential of asphalt mixes using overlay tester.” Constr. Build. Mater., 70, 130–140.
Li, Q., Lee, H. J., and Kim, T. W. (2012). “A simple fatigue performance model of asphalt mixtures based on fracture energy.” Constr. Build. Mater., 27(1), 605–611.
Martin, A. E., Arambula, E., Kutay, M. E., Lawrence, J., Luo, X., and Lytton, R. (2013). “Comparison of fatigue analysis approaches for hot-mix asphalt to ensure a state of good repair.”, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX.
McDaniel, R., Soleymani, H., and Shah, A. (2002). “Use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) under superpave specifications: A regional pooled fund project.”, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN.
McDaniel, R. S., Soleymani, H., Anderson, R. M., Turner, P., and Peterson, R. (2000). “Recommended use of reclaimed asphalt pavement in the Superpave mix design method.”, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Mills-Beale, J., and You, Z. (2010). “The mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures with recycled concrete aggregates.” Constr. Build. Mater., 24(3), 230–235.
Mogawer, W. S., Austerman, A., Roque, R., Underwood, S., Mohammad, L., and Zou, J. (2015). “Ageing and rejuvenators: Evaluating their impact on high RAP mixtures fatigue cracking characteristics using advanced mechanistic models and testing methods.” Road Mater. Pavement Des., 16(S2), 1–28.
Mogawer, W. S., Austerman, A. J., Engstrom, B., and Bonaquist, R. (2009). “Incorporating high percentages of recycled asphalt pavement and warm-mix asphalt technology into thin hot-mix asphalt overlays as pavement preservation strategy.” Transportation Research Board 88th Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Mohammad, L., Cooper, S., Jr., and Elseifi, M. (2011). “Characterization of HMA mixtures containing high reclaimed asphalt pavement content with crumb rubber additives.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 1560–1568.
Pellinen, T. K., and Xiao, S. (2005). “Stiffness of hot mix asphalt.”, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN.
Sabahfer, N., and Hossain, M. (2015). “Effect of fractionation of reclaimed asphalt pavement on properties of Superpave mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement.” Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater., 4(1), 47–60.
Sakhaeifar, M. S., Kim, Y. R., and Kabir, P. (2015). “New predictive models for the dynamic modulus of hot mix asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater., 76, 221–231.
SAS version 9.4 [Computer software]. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.
Stroup-Gardiner, M. (2011). “Recycling and reclamation of asphalt pavements using in-place methods.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Tan, Y., Shan, L., Kim, Y. R., and Underwood, B. S. (2012). “Healing characteristics of asphalt binder.” Constr. Build. Mater., 27(1), 570–577.
Tang, S. (2014). “Evaluate the fracture and fatigue resistances of hot mix asphalt containing high percentage reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) materials at low and intermediate temperatures.” Graduate theses and Ph.D. dissertation, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA.
Underwood, B. S., Hou, E. T., and Kim, Y. R. (2009). Application of simplified VECD modeling to the fatigue life prediction of asphalt concrete mixtures.” L., Andreas, M., Partl, T., Scarpas, and I., Al-Qadi, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 27–29.
Walubita, L., et al. (2010). “New generation mix-designs: Laboratory testing and construction of the apt test sections.”, Texas Dept. of Transportation, Austin, TX.
Wu, Z., Mohammad, L., Wang, L., and Mull, M. (2005). “Fracture resistance characterization of Superpave mixtures using the semi-circular bending test.” J. ASTM Int., 2(3), 1–15.
Xie, Z., Shen, J., Earnest, M., Li, B., and Jackson, M. (2015). “Fatigue performance evaluation of rubberized porous European mixture by simplified viscoelastic continuum damage model.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2506, 90–99.
Xu, Y., Xu, S., and Ji, J. (2014). “Measurement method of blending status between virgin and aged binder in recycled asphalt mixtures—A literature review.” Challenges and Advances in Sustainable Transportation Systems, ASCE, Reston, VA, 311–318.
Zaumanis, M., Mallick, R. B., and Frank, R. (2014a). “100% recycled hot mix asphalt: A review and analysis.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 92, 230–245.
Zaumanis, M., Mallick, R. B., Poulikakos, L., and Frank, R. (2014b). “Influence of six rejuvenators on the performance properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) binder and 100% recycled asphalt mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater., 71, 538–550.
Zhang, J., Alvarez, A. E., Lee, S. I., Torres, A., and Walubita, L. F. (2013). “Comparison of flow number, dynamic modulus, and repeated load tests for evaluation of HMA permanent deformation.” Constr. Build. Mater., 44, 391–398.
Zhou, F., Hu, S., and Scullion, T. (2006). “Integrated asphalt (overlay) mix design with balancing both rutting and cracking requirements.”, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, TX.
Zhou, F., Hu, S., and Scullion, T. (2009). “Overlay tester: A simple and rapid test for HMA fracture property.” Road Pavement Material Characterization and Rehabilitation, GeoHunan Int. Conf., ASCE, Reston, VA, 65–73.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 8, 2016
Accepted: Aug 23, 2016
Published online: Nov 14, 2016
Published in print: Apr 1, 2017
Discussion open until: Apr 14, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.