Technical Papers
Apr 18, 2016

Fatigue Characterization of Lightly Cementitiously Stabilized Granular Base Materials Using Flexural Testing

Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 28, Issue 9

Abstract

The fatigue characteristics of a lightly stabilized granular material under traffic loading are important considerations for the design of a pavement containing such material. This paper examines the use of flexural testing with on-sample midspan deflection measurement for determining fatigue characteristics of lightly stabilized granular base materials. The experimental program included cyclic load flexural testing to determine the stiffness modulus, fatigue life, and damage characteristics of a granular material stabilized lightly with 1–3% cement–fly ash and to establish relationships for predicting the fatigue life. Fatigue life was estimated using the energy ratio approach and compared with the number of load cycles required to break the specimen. Empirical relationships are proposed to relate the fatigue life with tensile strain and stress ratio similar to those proposed in the literature. Progressive damage due to fatigue and permanent deformation accumulation with increases in the load cycles is also presented in this study.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Mr. David Sharp, Mr. Jim Baxter, and Mr. Mathew Barret for their technical assistance during the experimental work reported in this paper.

References

Adaska, W. S., and Luhr, D. R. (2004). “Control of reflective cracking in cement stabilized pavements.” Proc., 5th Int. RILEM Conf., RILEM Publication SARL, Bagneux, Paris, 1–8.
Ahlvin, R. G., and Brown, D. N. (1965). “Stress repetitions in pavement design.” J. Aero-space Transp. Div., 91(2), 29–37.
Arulrajah, A., Disfani, M. M., Haghighi, H., Mohammadinia, A., and Horpibulsuk, S. (2015). “Modulus of rupture evaluation of cement stabilized recycled glass/recycled concrete aggregate blends.” Constr. Build. Mater., 84, 146–155.
Arulrajah, A., Piratheepan, J., and Disfani, M. (2013). “Reclaimed asphalt pavement and recycled concrete aggregate blends in pavement subbases: Laboratory and field evaluation.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 349–357.
AS (Australian Standard). (2002). “Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes—Soil classification tests—Determination of the cone liquid limit of a soil.” AS 1289.3.9.1, Sydney, Australia.
AS (Australian Standard). (2003). “Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes, method 5.1.1: Soil compaction and density tests—Determination of the dry density/moisture content relation of a soil using standard compactive effort.” AS 1289.5.1.1, Sydney, Australia.
AS (Australian Standard). (2008a). “Methods for sampling and testing aggregates—Wet/dry strength variation.” AS 1141.22, Sydney, Australia.
AS (Australian Standard). (2008b). “Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes—Soil classification tests—Determination of the linear shrinkage of a soil.” AS 1289.3.4.1, Sydney, Australia.
AS (Australian Standard). (2009a). “Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes—Soil classification tests—Calculation of the plasticity index of a soil.” AS 1289.3.3.1, Sydney, Australia.
AS (Australian Standard). (2009b). “Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes—Soil classification tests—Determination of the plastic limit of a soil.” AS 1289.3.2.1, Sydney, Australia.
ASTM. (2003). “Standard guide for petrographic examination of aggregates for concrete.” ASTM C295, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2007a). “Specification for materials for soil-aggregate subbase, base and surface courses.” ASTM D1241-07, Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM (2007b). “Standard practice for making and curing soil—Cement compression and flexure test specimens in the laboratory.” ASTM D1632-07, Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2007c). “Test method for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort [12400ft-lbf/ft3 (600kN-m/m3)].” ASTM D698-07, Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2010). “Standard test method for flexural performance of fiber-reinforced concrete (using beam within third-point loading).” ASTM C1609-10, Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2011). “Classification of soils for engineering purposes.” ASTM D2487-11, West Conshohocken, PA.
Austroads. (2004). “Guide to stabilisation in roadworks.” Sydney, Australia.
Austroads. (2010). “Guide to pavement technology—Part 2: Pavement structural design.” Sydney, Australia.
AustStab (Australia Stabilisation Industry Association). (2012). “Cement stabilisation practice.” Sydney, Australia.
Baburamani, P. (1999). “Asphalt fatigue life prediction models: A literature review.”, ARRB Group Limited, Sydney, Australia.
Baldi, G., Hight, D. W., and Thomas, G. E. (1988). “A re-evaluation of conventional triaxial test methods.” Advanced triaxial testing of soil and rock, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 219–263.
Behzadi, G., and Yandell, W. O. (1996). “Determination of elastic and plastic subgrade soil parameters for asphalt cracking and rutting prediction.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1540, 97–104.
Bhogal, B. S., Coupe, P. S., Davies, J., and Fendukly, L. M. (1995). “Dynamic flexure tests of soil-cement beams.” J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 14(4), 302–304.
Bullen, F. (1994). “The resilient moduli of cement treated materials.” Road Transp. Res., 3(2), 94–104.
Carpenter, S. H., Crovetti, M. R., Smith, K. L., Remeili, E., and Wilson, T. (1992). “Soil and base stabilization and associated drainage considerations—Volume 1: Pavement design and construction considerations.”, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Carpenter, S. H., Ghuzlan, K. A., and Shen, S. H. (2003). “Fatigue endurance limit for highway and airport pavements.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1832, 131–138.
de Beer, M. (1985). “Behaviour of cementitious subbase layers in bitumen base road structures.” M.S. thesis, Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
Disfani, M. M., Arulrajah, A., Haghighi, H., Mohammadinia, A., and Horpibulsuk, S. (2014). “Flexural beam fatigue strength evaluation of crushed brick as a supplementary material in cement stabilized recycled concrete aggregates.” Constr. Build. Mater., 68, 667–676.
Diyaljee, V. A., and Raymond, G. P. (1982). “Repetitive load deformation of cohesionless soil.” J. Geotech. Eng., 108(10), 1215–1229.
Foley, G., and Australian Stabilisation Expert Group. (2001). “Contract report-mechanistic design issues for stabilised pavement materials.”, Austroads, Sydney, Australia.
Fu, P., Jones, D., Harvey, J. T., and Bukhari, S. A. (2009). “Laboratory test methods for foamed asphalt mix resilient modulus.” Road Mater. Pavement Des., 10(1), 187–212.
Gnanendran, C. T. (2003). “On the resilient modulus and permanent deformation characteristics of stabilized recycled aggregates.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, Balkema Publishers, Lyon, France, 393–399.
Gnanendran, C. T., and Piratheepan, J. (2008). “Characterisation of a lightly stabilised granular material by indirect diametrical tensile testing.” Int. J. Pavement Eng., 9(6), 445–456.
Gnanendran, C. T., and Piratheepan, J. (2009). “Indirect diametrical tensile testing with internal displacement measurement and stiffness determination.” Geotech. Test. J., 32(1), 45–54.
Gnanendran, C. T., and Piratheepan, J. (2010). “Determination of fatigue life of a granular base material lightly stabilized with slag lime from indirect diametral tensile testing.” J. Transp. Eng., 736–745.
Grzybowski, M., and Meyer, C. (1993). “Damage accumulation in concrete with and without fiber reinforcement.” ACI Mater. J., 90(6), 594–604.
Hopman, P. C., Kunst, P. A. J. C., and Pronk, A. C. (1989). “A renewed interpretation method for fatigue measurements, verification of Miner’s rule.” 4th Eurobitume Symp., Association Europeenne du Bitume, 557–561.
Kaplan, M. F. (1963). “Strains and stresses of concrete at initiation of cracking and near failure.” ACI J. Proc., 60(7), 8573–8879.
Khalid, H. A. (2000). “A comparison between bending and diametral fatigue tests for bituminous materials.” Mater. Struct., 33(7), 457–465.
Khoury, N. N., and Zaman, M. M. (2006). “Durability effects on flexural behaviour of fly ash stabilised limestone aggregate.” J. Test. Eval., 34(3), 167–175.
Kutay, M. E., Gibson, N., and Youtcheff, J. (2008). “Conventional and viscoelastic continuum damage (VECD) based fatigue analysis of polymer modified asphalt pavements.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol., 77, 395–434.
Larsen, T. J., and Nussbaum, P. J. (1967). “Fatigue of soil cement.”, Portland Cement Association, Skokie.
Mbaraga, A. N., Jenkins, K., and Van de Ven, M. (2013). “Influence of beam geometry and aggregate size on flexural strength and elastic moduli of cement-stabilized materials.” Transp. Res. Rec., 2401, 22–29.
Miner, M. A. (1945). “Cumulative damage in fatigue.” J. Appl. Mech., 12(3), A159–A164.
Moffat, M. A., Sharp, K. G., Vertessy, N. J., Johnson-Clarke, J. R., Vuong, B. T., and Yeo, R. E. Y. (1998). “The performance of in situ stabilised marginal sandstone pavements.”, Australia.
Moffat, M. A., and Yeo, R. E. Y. (1998). “Relationship between unconfined compressive strength and flexural modulus for cemented materials.”, Australian Road Research Board, Melbourne, Australia.
NCHRP (National Cooperative Highway Research Program). (2004). “Final report—Guide for mechanistic-empirical design of new and rehabilitated pavement design structures—Part 2: Design inputs—Chapter 2: Material characterization.” ARA, ERES Consultant Division, Champaign, IL.
NCHRP (National Cooperative Highway Research Program). (2010). “Validating the fatigue endurance limit for hot mix asphalt: Laboratory fatigue tests and analysis methods.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Nunes, M. C. M. (1997). “Enabling the use of alternative materials in road construction.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.
Otte, E. (1978). “A structural design procedure for cement-treated layers in pavements.” M.S. thesis, Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
Paul, D. K., and Gnanendran, C. T. (2012). “Characterisation of lightly stabilised granular base materials by flexural beam testing and effects of loading rate.” ASTM Geotech. Test. J., 35(5), 691–702.
Paul, D. K., and Gnanendran, C. T. (2013). “Stress-strain behaviour and stiffness of lightly stabilised granular materials from UCS testing and their predictability.” Int. J. Pavement Eng., 14(3), 291–308.
Paul, D. K., and Gnanendran, C. T. (2015). “Characterization of lightly stabilized granular base materials using monotonic and cyclic load flexural testing.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 04015074.
Paul, D. K., Gnanendran, C. T., and Piratheepan, J. (2010). “Determination of stiffness properties of lightly stabilised granular materials from IDT testing using numerical analysis.” Proc., of 17th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conf., Taiwan Geotechnical Society and Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society, Taipei, Taiwan, 75–78.
Piratheepan, J., Gnanendran, C. T., and Lo, S.-C. R. (2010). “Characterization of cementitiously stabilized granular materials for pavement design using unconfined compression and IDT testing with internal displacement measurements.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 495–505.
Portland Cement Association. (1966). Thickness design for concrete pavement, Skokie, IL.
Pronk, A. C., and Hopman, P. C. (1990). “Energy dissipation: The leading factor of fatigue.” Highway research: Sharing the benefits, J. Porter, ed., Thomas Telford, London, 255–267.
Rao Tangella, S. C. S., Craus, J., Deacon, J. A., and Monismith, C. L. (1990). “Summary report on fatigue response of asphalt mixtures.”, Institute for Transportation Studies, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Read, J. M., and Collop, A. C. (1997). “Practical fatigue characterisation of bituminous paving mixtures.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol., 66, 74–108.
Rowe, G. M. (1993). “Performance of asphalt mixtures in the trapezoidal fatigue test.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol., 62, 344–384.
Shen, S. H., and Carpenter, S. H. (2005). “Application of the dissipated energy concept in fatigue endurance limit testing.” Transp. Res. Rec., 1929, 165–173.
Sobhan, K., and Das, B. M. (2007). “Durability of soil-cements against fatigue fracture.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 26–32.
Sobhan, K., and Krizek, R. J. (1999). “Fatigue behavior of fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate base course.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 124–130.
Swanson, T. E., and Thompson, M. R. (1967). “Flexural fatigue strength of lime-soil mixtures.” Highway Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 9–18.
Taha, R., Al-Harthy, A., Al-Shamsi, K., and Al-Zubeidi, M. (2002). “Cement stabilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregate for road bases and subbases.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 239–245.
Thompson, M. R. (1966). “Shear strength elastic properties of lime-soil mixtures. Highway research records.” Highway Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1–14.
Van Dijk, W. (1975). “Practical fatigue characterization of bituminous mixes.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol., 44, 38–74.
Van Dijk, W., and Visser, W. (1977). “The energy approach to fatigue of pavement design.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol., 46, 1–40.
Vorobieff, G. (2004a). “Modification versus bound pavements.” Proc., Stabilisation of Road Pavements Seminar, New Zealand Highway Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, 1–8.
Vorobieff, G. (2004b). “Stabilization practices in Australia.” Proc., New Zealand Institute of Highway Technology (NZIHT) Stabilization of Road Pavements Seminar, Australia Stabilisation Industry Association (AustStab), Auckland, New Zealand, 1–14.
Wilmot, T., and Rodway, B. (1999). “Stabilized pavements—Selecting the additive: Cementitious, polymer or bitumen.” Proc., Int. Congress on Local Government and Public Works, Australian Road Research Board, Sydney, Australia.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 28Issue 9September 2016

History

Received: Jul 24, 2015
Accepted: Jan 19, 2016
Published online: Apr 18, 2016
Published in print: Sep 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Sep 18, 2016

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

C. T. Gnanendran [email protected]
Senior Lecturer, School of Engineering and Information Technology, Univ. of New South Wales at ADFA, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]
Dalim K. Paul [email protected]
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Dept. of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Qatar Univ., P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar (corresponding author). E-mail: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share