Influence of Bacterial-Treated Cement Kiln Dust on Strength and Permeability of Concrete
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 28, Issue 10
Abstract
Cement kiln dust (CKD), a waste by-product, is a major problem at many cement manufacturing plants because of high alkalinity, metals, and sulfates. CKD possesses the same cementitious characteristics as those of cement, but the use of high-alkaline cement kiln dust reduces the quality of the cement and the strength of the concrete. In this study, the CKD used contained high alkali () and hardness () content in leachate, which on treatment with bacterium Bacillus halodurans strain KG1 showed a decrease of 67.3% alkalinity, 85.6% hardness, 46% , and 27% in powdered CKD after 20 days of treatment at . This study investigates the effect of bacterial-treated CKD as a partial replacement (10, 20, and 30%) for portland cement on compressive and splitting tensile strength, water absorption and porosity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and chloride permeability of concrete at the age of 28 and 91 days. Utilization of 10% bacterial-treated CKD in concrete resulted in 26.6 and 25.6% increases in compressive and splitting tensile strength at 91 days of curing compared with the control (CC) treatment. Reduction in both water absorption (64%) and porosity (53%) was observed. Similary, the reduction in chloride permeability was 22%. SEM and XRD analysis revealed increased formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel that resulted in dense structure and low permeability.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to express their gratitude to SERB, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India for support in this research work. The authors also acknowledge the support of the Central Research Facility at the Indian Institute of Technology, Rupnagar, India, for the SEM and XRD analyses.
References
Aneja, K. R. (2008). Experiments in microbiology, plant pathology and biotechnology, New Age International, New Delhi, India.
APHA, AWWA, WEF (American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation). (2005). “Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water.” Washington, DC, 7–15.
ASTM. (2011). “Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens.” ASTM C496-11, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2012a). “Standard specifications for portland cement.” ASTM C150-12, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2012b). “Standard test method for density, relative density (specific gravity), and absorption of coarse aggregate.” ASTM C127-12, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2012c). “Standard test method for density, relative density (specific gravity), and absorption of fine aggregate.” ASTM C128-12, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2012d). “Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration.” ASTM C1202-12, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2013). “Standard test method for density, absorption and voids in hardened concrete.” ASTM C642-13, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bhatty, M. S. Y. (1986). “Properties of blended cements made with portland cement, cement kiln dust, fly ash, and slag.” Proc., Int. Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Communications Theme, Vol. 3, Secretaria de CIQC, Brasil, 118–127.
BIS (Bureau of Indian standards). (1970). “Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete.” BIS 383-1970, New Delhi, India.
BIS (Bureau of Indian standards). (1982). “Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design.” BIS 10262-1982, New Delhi, India.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). (1959). “Indian standard code of practice—Methods of test for strength of concrete.” BIS 516-1959, New Delhi, India.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). (1989). “Specifications for 43-grade portland cement.” BIS 8112-89, New Delhi, India.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). (1992). “Non-destructive testing of concrete—Methods of test. Part 1: Ultrasonic pulse velocity.” BIS 13311 (Part 1), New Delhi, India.
Davis, T. A., and Hooks, D. B. (1975). “Disposal and utilization of waste kiln dust from cement industry.”, National Environmental Research Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati.
El-Aleem, S. A., Abd-El-Aziz, M. A., Heikal, M., and El-Didamony, H. (2005). “Effect of cement kiln dust substitution on chemical and physical properties and compressive strength of portland and slag cements.” Arabian J. Sci. Eng., 30, 263–273.
Ghanem, H., Zollinger, D., and Lytton, R. (2010). “Determination of the main parameters of alkali silica reaction using system identification method.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 865–873.
GraphPad Prism version 5 [Computer software]. GraphPad Prism Software Inc., CA.
Heinz, D., and Ludwig, U. (1987). “Mechanism of secondary ettringite formation in mortars and concretes.”, American Concrete Institute (ACI), MI, 2059–2071.
Ibrahim, A. S. S., Elbadawi, Y. B., El-Tayeb, M. A., and Al-Salamah, A. A. (2012). “Hexavalent chromium reduction by novel chromate resistant alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain KSUCr9a.” Afr. J. Biotechnol., 11(6), 3832–3841.
Ibrahim, A. S. S., El-Tayeb, M. A., Elbadawi, Y. B., and Al-Salamah, A. A. (2011). “Bioreduction of Cr (VI) by potent novel chromate resistant alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain KSUCr5 isolated from hypersaline Soda lakes.” Afr. J. Biotechnol., 10(37), 7207–7218.
ICDD (International Centre for Diffraction Data). (2015). 〈〉.
Juenger, M. C. G., and Jennings, H. M. (2001). “Effect of high alkalinity on cement pastes.” ACI Mater. J., 98(3), 251–255.
Kosmatka, S. H., and Panarese, W. C. (1990). Design and control of concrete mixtures, 13th Ed., Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 15–16.
Kunal, Siddique, R., and Rajor, A. (2014). “Influence of bacterial treated cement kiln dust on the properties of concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 52, 42–51.
Mangaiyarkarasi, M. S. M., Vincent, S., Janarthanan, S., Rao, T. S., and Tata, B. V. R. (2011). “Bioreduction of Cr(VI) by alkaliphilic Bacillus subtilis and interaction of the membrane group.” Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 18(2), 157–167.
Maslehuddin, M., Al-Amoudi, O. S. B., Rehman, M. K., Ali, M. R., and Barry, M. S. (2009). “Properties of cement kiln dust concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 23(6), 2357–2361.
Maslehuddin, M., Al-Amoudi, O. S. B., Shameem, M., Ibrahim, M., and Rehman, M. K. (2008). “Usage of cement kiln dust in concrete products—Research review and preliminary investigations.” Constr. Build. Mater., 22(12), 2369–2375.
Min, D., and Mingshu, T. (1994). “Formation and expansion of ettringite crystals.” Cem. Concr. Res., 24(1), 119–126.
Mishra, G. P. (1991). “Impact of industrial pollution from a cement factory on water quality parameters at Kymore.” Environ. Ecol., 9(4), 876–880.
Ntougias, S., Zervakis, G. I., Ehaliotis, C., Kavroulakis, N., and Papadopoulou, K. K. (2006). “Ecophysiology and molecular phylogeny of bacteria isolated from alkaline two phase olive mill wastes.” Res. Microbiol., 157(4), 376–385.
Oss, H. G. (2015). “Minerals information—Cement.” 〈http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cement/mcs-2015-cemen.pdf〉 (May 1, 2015).
Pavia, S., and Regan, D. (2010). “Influence of cement kiln dust on the physical properties of calcium lime mortars.” Mater. Struct., 43(3), 381–391.
Rukzon, S., and Chindaprasirt, P. (2008). “Use of waste ash from various by-product materials in increasing the durability of mortar.” Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 30(3), 485–489.
Shoaib, M. M, Balaha, M. M., and Abdel-Rahman, A. G. (2000). “Influence of cement kiln dust substitution on the mechanical properties of concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 30(3), 371–377.
Solanki, P., and Kothari, V. (2012). “Metal tolerance in halotolerant bacteria isolated from saline soil of Khambhat.” Res. Biotechnol., 3(3), 1–11.
Tanabe, H., et al. (1987). “Pretreatment of pectic wastewater from orange canning process by an alkalophilic Bacillus sp.” J. Fermen. Technol., 65(2), 243–246.
Udoeyo, F. F., and Hyee, A. (2002). “Strengths of cement kiln dust concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 524–526.
Wang, K., Konsta-Gdoutos, M. S., and Shah, S. P. (2002). “Hydration, rheology, and strength of ordinary portland (OPC)-cement kiln dust (CKD)-slag binders.” ACI Mater. J., 99(2), 173–179.
Wilson, R. D., and Anable, W. E. (1986). “Removal of alkalies from portland CKD.”, U.S. Dept. of Interior, Washington, DC.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 28 • Issue 10 • October 2016
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 7, 2015
Accepted: Jan 12, 2016
Published online: Apr 20, 2016
Discussion open until: Sep 20, 2016
Published in print: Oct 1, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.