Expansive and Concrete Properties of SFS–FRAP Aggregates
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 28, Issue 2
Abstract
Steel furnace slag (SFS) is an industrial by-product that is used as an abrasion-resistant aggregate in asphalt pavement surfaces. However, SFS has found limited application in concrete pavements because of its potential for expansion from hydration of the free calcium and magnesium oxides present in the slag. This study investigated the application of asphalt-coated SFS aggregates, i.e., coarse fractionated reclaimed asphalt pavement (FRAP), as an aggregate in concrete. Autoclave expansion testing of SFS FRAP samples and chemical analyses revealed that the SFS FRAP contains residual free calcium oxide and therefore has the potential to expand, although the presence of the asphalt coating reduced the overall expansion magnitude. The performance of SFS FRAP in concrete at 20% and 50% replacements was similar to concrete with unexpansive dolomite FRAP in terms of strength and fracture properties, though the SFS FRAP may cause higher shrinkage strains and reduced freeze/thaw durability. Therefore, application of SFS FRAP with low autoclave expansion, but available free oxides should be limited for use in concrete but may be suitable for nonstructural applications or temporary roads. With further standardized expansion testing, SFS FRAP may be suitable for use as an unbound foundation material or again as an aggregate in a bound asphalt layer.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the Illinois State Toll Highway Authority (ISTHA) and the National Slag Association (NSA). Acknowledgement is given to Steve Gillen and Ross Bentsen (ISTHA), John Yzenas (Edw. C. Levy Co.), and Karen Kiggins (NSA). Additional acknowledgement is given to Abbas Kachwalla, Jeff LaHucik, and Jim Meister for assistance with testing and to Tube City IMS, South Shore Slag, and Edw. C. Levy Co. for providing materials. The XRD and TGA testing was carried out in part at the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory Central Research Facilities, University of Illinois.
References
AASHTO. (2003). “Flexural strength of concrete (using simple beam with third-point loading).” AASHTO T97, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2007). “Compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens.” AASHTO T22, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2008). “Resistance of concrete to rapid freezing and thawing.” AASHTO T161, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2009a). “Length change of hardened hydraulic cement mortar and concrete.” AASHTO T160, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2009b). “Splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens.” AASHTO T198, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2010a). “Determining the flexural creep stiffness of asphalt binder using the bending beam rheometer (BBR).” AASHTO T313, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2010b). “Determining the rheological properties of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR).” AASHTO T315, Washington, DC.
Alizadeh, R., Chini, M., Ghods, P., Hoseini, M., Montazer, Sh., and Shekarchi, M. (2003). “Utilization of electric arc furnace slag as aggregates in concrete–environmental issue.” Proc., CANMET/ACI Int. Conf. on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology, Bucharest, Romania, 451–464.
Almusallam, A. A., Beshr, H., Maslehuddin, M., and Al-Amoudi, O. S. B. (2004). “Effect of silica fume on the mechanical properties of low quality coarse aggregate concrete.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 26(7), 891–900.
Al-Negheimish, A. I., Al-Sugair, F. H., and Al-Zaid, R. Z. (1997). “Utilization of local steelmaking slag in concrete.” J. King Saud Univ. Eng. Sci., 9(1), 39–55.
Al-Oraimi, S., Hassan, H. F., and Hago, A. (2009). “Recycling of reclaimed asphalt pavement in portland cement concrete.” J. Eng. Res., 6(1), 37–45.
Anastasiou, E., Georgiadis Filikas, K., and Stefanidou, M. (2014). “Utilization of fine recycled aggregates in concrete with fly ash and steel slag.” Constr. Build. Mater., 50, 154–161.
Armaghani, J. M., Larsen, T. J., and Smith, L. L. (1988). “Design-related distress in concrete pavements.” Concr. Int., 10(8), 43–49.
ASTM. (2002). “Standard test method for quantitative extraction and recovery of asphalt binder from asphalt mixtures.” ASTM D6847, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2006). “Standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates.” ASTM C136, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2007). “Standard test method for density, relative density (specific gravity), and absorption of coarse aggregate.” ASTM C127, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2009). “Standard test method for bulk density (‘unit weight‘) and voids in aggregate.” ASTM C29, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2010a). “Standard test method for air content of freshly mixed concrete by pressure method.” ASTM C231, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2010b). “Standard test method for static modulus of elasticity and poisson’s ratio of concrete in compression.” ASTM C469, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2011). “Standard practice for recovery of asphalt from solution using the rotary evaporator.” ASTM D5404, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2012). “Standard test method for slump of hydraulic-cement concrete.” ASTM C143, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2013). “Standard test method for density (unit weight), yield, and air content (gravimetric) of concrete.” ASTM C138, West Conshohocken, PA.
Balcázar, N., Kühn, M., Baena, J. M., Formoso, A., and Piret, J. (1999). “Summary report on RTD in iron and steel slags: Development and perspectives.”, European Commission, Luxembourg.
Belhadj, E., Diliberto, C., and Lecomte, A. (2012). “Characterization and activation of basic oxygen furnace slag.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 34(1), 34–40.
Bentsen, R. A., Vavrik, W. A., Roesler, J. R., and Gillen, S. L. (2013). “Ternary blend concrete with reclaimed asphalt pavement as an aggregate in two-lift concrete pavement.” Proc., 2013 Int. Concrete Sustainability Conf., National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, San Francisco.
Bergren, J. V., and Britson, R. A. (1977). “Portland cement concrete utilizing recycled pavement.”, Dept. of Transportation, IA.
Berry, M., Stephens, J., Bermel, B., Hagel, A., and Schroeder, D. (2013). “Feasibility of reclaimed asphalt pavement as aggregate in portland cement concrete.”, Montana State Univ., Montana Dept. of Transportation, Helena, MT.
Beshr, H., Almusallam, A. A., and Maslehuddin, M. (2003). “Effect of coarse aggregate quality on the mechanical properties of high strength concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 17(2), 97–103.
Bilodeau, K., Sauzéat, C., Di Benedetto, H., and Olard, F. (2012). “Roller compacted concrete for road base layer with RAP and steel fibers: Viscous properties and description of experimental sites.” Proc., 10th Int. Conf. Concrete Pavements, International Society for Concrete Pavements, Bridgeville, PA, 435–448.
Bilodeau, K., Sauzéat, C., Di Benedetto, H., Olard, F., and Bonneau, D. (2011). “Laboratory and in situ investigations of steel fiber reinforced compacted concrete containing reclaimed asphalt pavement.” 90th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
Bly, P. G., and Weiss, C. A., Jr. (2012). “Performance of concrete pavement mixtures with marginal aggregates: Laboratory investigation.” Proc., 10th Int. Conf. Concrete Pavements, International Society for Concrete Pavements, Bridgeville, PA, 801–827.
Brand, A. S., Amirkhanian, A. N., and Roesler, J. R. (2014). “Flexural capacity of full-depth and two-lift concrete slabs with recycled aggregates.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 64–72.
Brand, A. S., and Roesler, J. R. (2014). “Concrete with steel furnace slag fractionated reclaimed asphalt pavement.”, Illinois Center for Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority, National Slag Association, Urbana, IL.
Brand, A. S., and Roesler, J. R. (2015a). “Characterization of steel furnace slag aggregates and the effect on hardened concrete properties.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 60, 1–9.
Brand, A. S., and Roesler, J. R. (2015b). “Ternary concrete with fractionated reclaimed asphalt pavement.” ACI Mater. J., 112(1), 155–163.
Brand, A. S., Roesler, J. R., Al-Qadi, I. L., and Shangguan, P. (2012). “Fractionated reclaimed asphalt pavement (FRAP) as a coarse aggregate replacement in a ternary blended concrete pavement.”, Illinois Center for Transportation, Illinois State Toll Highway Authority, Urbana, IL.
Coomarasamy, A., and Walzak, T. L. (1995). “Effects of moisture on surface chemistry of steel slags and steel slag-asphalt paving mixes.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 85–95.
Coppola, L., Lorenzi, S., and Buoso, A. (2010). “Electric arc furnace granulated slag as a partial replacement of natural aggregates for concrete production.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, Ancona, Italy.
Crawford, C. B., and Burn, K. N. (1969). “Building damage from expansive steel slag backfill.” J. Soil. Mech. Found. Div., 95(SM6), 1325–1334.
Dayioglu, A. Y., Aydilek, A. H., and Cetin, B. (2014). “Preventing swelling and decreasing alkalinity of steel slags used in highway infrastructures.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 52–57.
Delwar, M., Fahmy, M., and Taha, R. (1997). “Use of reclaimed asphalt pavement as an aggregate in portland cement concrete.” ACI Mater. J., 94(3), 251–256.
Deniz, D., Tutumluer, E., and Popovics, J. S. (2010). “Evaluation of expansive characteristics of reclaimed asphalt pavement and virgin aggregate used as base materials.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 10–17.
Dumitru, I., Smorchevsky, G., and Caprar, V. (1999). “Trends in the utilisation of recycled materials and by-products in the concrete industry in Australia.” Concrete 99: Our concrete environment, D. Baweja, S. Bernard, R. Wheen, and P. Shea, eds., Concrete Institute of Australia, North Sydney, Australia, 289–301.
Emery, J. J. (1974). “A simple test procedure for evaluating the potential expansion of steel slag.” Proc., 1974 Annual Conf. of the Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, Ottawa, 90–103.
Emery, J. J. (1977). “Steel slag applications in highway construction.” Silic. Ind., 42(4), 209–218.
Erdem, S., and Blankson, M. A. (2014). “Environmental performance and mechanical analysis of concrete containing recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and waste precast concrete as aggregate.” J. Hazard. Mater., 264, 403–410.
Faraone, N., Tonello, G., Furlani, E., and Maschio, S. (2009). “Steelmaking slag as aggregate for mortars: Effects of particle dimension on compression strength.” Chemosphere, 77(8), 1152–1156.
Ferrebee, E. C., Brand, A. S., Kachwalla, A. S., Roesler, J. R., Gancarz, D. J., and Pforr, J. E. (2014). “Fracture properties of roller-compacted concrete with virgin and recycled aggregates.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 128–134.
FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). (1998). “User guidelines for waste and byproduct materials in pavement construction.”, Washington, DC.
Gebhardt, R. F., ed. (1988). Rapid methods for chemical analysis of hydraulic cement, ASTM, Philadelphia.
Gillen, S. L., Brand, A. S., Roesler, J. R., and Vavrik, W. R. (2012). “Sustainable long-life composite concrete pavement for Illinois Tollway.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Long-Life Concrete Pavements, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Gnaedinger, J. P. (1987). “Open hearth slag—A problem waiting to happen.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 78–83.
González-Ortega, M. A., Segura, I., Cavalaro, S. H. P., Toralles-Cabonari, B., Aguado, A., and Andrello, A. C. (2014). “Radiological protection and mechanical properties of concretes with EAF steel slags.” Constr. Build. Mater., 51, 432–438.
Gumieri, A. G., Dal Molin, D. C. C., and Vilela, A. C. F. (2004). “Characteristics of steel slag granulated in a steel plant—Valuation of the microstructure through electron probe micro analysis.” Int. RILEM Conf. on the Use of Recycled Materials in Buildings and Structures, RILEM, Bagneux, France, 1067–1075.
Gupta, J. D., Kneller, W. A., Tamirisa, R., and Skrzypczak-Jankun, E. (1994). “Characterization of base and subbase iron and steel slag aggregates causing deposition of calcareous tufa in drains.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 8–16.
Hassan, K. E., Brooks, J. J., and Erdman, M. (2000). “The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregates in concrete.” Waste materials in construction, G. R. Woolley, J. J. J. M. Goumans, and P. J. Wainwright, eds., Elsevier Science, Oxford, U.K., 121–128.
Hillerborg, A. (1985). “The theoretical basis of a method to determine the fracture energy GF of concrete.” Mater. Struct., 18(4), 291–296.
Hossiney, N., Tia, M., and Bergin, M. J. (2010). “Concrete containing RAP for use in concrete pavement.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Sustainable Concrete Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association, Rosemont, IL.
Hossiney, N., Wang, G., Tia, M., and Bergin, M. J. (2008). “Evaluation of concrete containing RAP for use in concrete pavement.” 87th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Huang, B., Shu, X., and Burdette, E. G. (2006). “Mechanical properties of concrete containing recycled asphalt pavements.” Mag. Concr. Res., 58(5), 313–320.
Huang, B., Shu, X., and Li, G. (2005). “Laboratory investigation of portland cement concrete containing recycled asphalt pavements.” Cem. Concr. Res., 35(10), 2008–2013.
Ibrahim, A., Mahmoud, E., Khodair, Y., and Patibandla, V. C. (2014). “Fresh, mechanical, and durability characteristics of self-consolidating concrete incorporating recycled asphalt pavements.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 668–675.
INDOT (Indiana Department of Transportation). (2014). Standard specifications, Indianapolis.
Javellana, M. P., and Jawed, I. (1982). “Extraction of free lime in portland cement and clinker by ethylene glycol.” Cem. Concr. Res., 12(3), 399–403.
Jenq, Y., and Shah, S. P. (1985). “Two parameter fracture model for concrete.” J. Eng. Mech., 1227–1241.
Katsakou, M., and Kolias, S. (2007). “Mechanical properties of cement-bound recycled pavements.” P. I. Civ. Eng.-Constr. Mater., 160(4), 171–179.
Kneller, W. A., Gupta, J., Borkowski, M. L., and Dollimore, D. (1994). “Determination of original free lime content of weathered iron and steel slags by thermogravimetric analysis.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 17–22.
Kolias, S. (1996a). “Mechanical properties of cement-treated mixtures of milled bituminous concrete and crushed aggregates.” Mater. Struct., 29(7), 411–417.
Kolias, S. (1996b). “The influence of the type of loading and temperature on the modulus of elasticity of cement-bound mixes of milled bituminous concrete and crushed aggregates.” Mater. Struct., 29(9), 543–551.
Li, G., Zhao, Y., Pang, S.-S., and Huang, W. (1998). “Experimental study of cement-asphalt emulsion composite.” Cem. Concr. Res., 28(5), 635–641.
Liu, C., Zha, K., and Chen, D. (2011). “Possibility of concrete prepared with steel slag as fine and coarse aggregates: A preliminary study.” Proc. Eng., 24, 412–416.
Lun, Y., Zhou, M., Cai, X., and Xu, F. (2008). “Methods for improving volume stability of steel slag as fine aggregate.” J. Wuhan Univ. Technol., 23(5), 737–742.
Madej, J., Števula, L., and Slovák, K. (1996). “Investigation of industrial by-products considered for use as concrete aggregates.” Concrete for environment enhancement and protection, R. K. Dhir, and T. D. Dyer, eds., E&FN Spon, London, 99–108.
Mathias, V., Sedran, T., and de Larrard, F. (2004). “Recycling reclaimed asphalt pavement in concrete roads.” Int. RILEM Conf. on the Use of Recycled Materials in Buildings and Structures, RILEM, Bagneux, France, 66–75.
Montgomery, D. G., and Wang, G. (1991). “Instant-chilled steel slag aggregate in concrete– strength related properties.” Cem. Concr. Res., 21(6), 1083–1091.
Montgomery, D. G., and Wang, G. (1992). “Instant-chilled steel slag aggregate in concrete–fracture related properties.” Cem. Concr. Res., 22(5), 755–760.
Motz, H., and Geiseler, J. (2000). “Products of steels slags: An opportunity to save natural resources.” Waste materials in construction, G. R. Woolley, J. J. J. M. Goumans, and P. J. Wainwright, eds., Elsevier Science, Oxford, 207–220.
MTO (Ministry of Transportation of Ontario). (2013). “Ontario provincial standards for roads and public works.” Ontario Provincial Standard Specification, Toronto.
Nguyen, M. L., et al. (2012). “Accelerated pavement testing experiment of pavement made of fiber-reinforced roller-compacted concrete.” Advances in pavement design through full-scale accelerated pavement testing, D. Jones, J. Harvey, I. L. Al-Qadi, and A. Mateos, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 299–311.
Obratil, R. S., Pastorelle, M. A., Bosela, P. A., and Delatte, N. J., Jr. (2009). “Examination of steel slag as a replacement for natural aggregates in concrete paving mixtures.” 88th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Okafor, F. O. (2010). “Performance of recycled asphalt pavement as coarse aggregate in concrete.” Leonardo Electron. J. Pract. Technol., 9(17), 47–58.
Papayianni, I., and Anastasiou, E. (2010). “Production of high-strength concrete using high volume of industrial by-products.” Constr. Build. Mater., 24(8), 1412–1417.
Papayianni, I., and Anastasiou, E. (2011). “Concrete incorporating high-calcium fly ash and EAF slag aggregates.” Mag. Concr. Res., 63(8), 597–604.
Patankar, V. D., and Williams, R. I. T. (1970). “Bitumen in dry lean concrete.” Highways Traffic Eng., 38(1721), 32–35.
Pellegrino, C., Cavagnis, P., Faleschini, F., and Brunelli, K. (2013). “Properties of concretes with black/oxidizing electric arc furnace slag aggregate.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 37, 232–240.
Pellegrino, C., and Faleschini, F. (2013). “Experimental behavior of reinforced concrete beams with electric arc furnace slag as recycled aggregate.” ACI Mater. J., 110(2), 197–206.
Pellegrino, C., and Gaddo, V. (2009). “Mechanical and durability characteristics of concrete containing EAF slag as aggregate.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 31(9), 663–671.
Qasrawi, H. (2014). “The use of steel slag aggregate to enhance the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete and retain the environment.” Constr. Build. Mater., 54, 298–304.
RILEM TC89-FMT. (1990). “Determination of the fracture parameters (KsIc and CTODc) of plain concrete using three-point bend tests.” Mater. Struct., 23(138), 457–460.
Senior, S. A., Szoke, S. I., and Rogers, C. A. (1994). “Ontario’s experience with reclaimed materials for use as aggregates.” Proc., Int. Road Federation Conf. Roads to the 21st Century, Transportation Association of Canada, Ottawa, A31–A55.
Shi, C. (2004). “Steel slag–its production, processing, characteristics, and cementitious properties.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 230–236.
Sommer, H. (1994). “Recycling of concrete for the reconstruction of the concrete pavement of the motorway Vienna-Salzburg.” Proc., 7th Int. Symp. on Concrete Roads, Vienna, Austria.
Sommer, H., and Bohrn, J. (1998). “Beton mit asphalt als Zuschlag.” Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Angelegenheiten, Vienna, Austria (in German).
Thomas, G. H. (1983). “Investigations on LD slag with particular reference to its use for road construction.”, Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
Waligora, J., Bulteel, D., Degrugilliers, P., Damidot, D., Potdevin, J. L., and Measson, M. (2010). “Chemical and mineralogical characterizations of LD converter steel slags: A multi-analytical approach.” Mater. Charact., 61(1), 39–48.
Wang, G. (1992). “Properties and utilization of steel slag in engineering applications.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
Williams, T., and Miknis, F. (1998). “Use of environmental SEM to study asphalt-water interactions.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 121–124.
Wojakowski, J. (1998). “High performance concrete pavement.”, Kansas Dept. of Transportation, Topeka, KS.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 28 • Issue 2 • February 2016
Copyright
© 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 3, 2014
Accepted: Jun 23, 2015
Published online: Aug 14, 2015
Discussion open until: Jan 14, 2016
Published in print: Feb 1, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.