Using Sewage-Sludge Ash as Filler in Bituminous Mixes
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 27, Issue 4
Abstract
In this study, the behavior of bituminous mixes made with sewage sludge ash (SSA) as mineral filler was investigated. The behavior of these mixes was evaluated with the Cantabro, indirect tensile strength, water sensitivity, permanent deformation, and resilient modulus tests. The results show that SSA waste may be used in bituminous mixes at approximately 2–3% weight percent, maintaining adequate levels of cohesion and adhesion in the mixtures, which is comparable to mixtures made with active fillers such as hydrated lime and cement. Moreover, its use does not increase permanent deformations. However, the resilient modulus test gave slightly lower results for mixes made with SSA than for mixtures made with other fillers. It may be concluded that SSA waste may be used as a filler for bituminous mixes with better results than for mixes made with limestone fillers and with similar results for mixes made with other fillers such as hydrated lime and cement.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work has been financed by the University of Alicante through projects VIGROB-256 and GRE10-28 and by the Valencian Provincial government through Project GV/2012/113. We also wish to thank José Manuel Berenguer Prieto of the Los Serranos Company for the use of a laboratory to carry out some of the tests.
References
Akili, W. (1993). “The effect of moisture on laboratory-prepared asphalt mixtures.” J. Test. Eval., 21(1), 73–83.
Al Sayed, M. H., Madany, I. M., and Buali, A. R. M. (1995). “Use of sewage sludge ash in asphaltic paving mixes in hot regions.” Constr. Build. Mater., 9(1), 19–23.
Antil, R. S., Bar-Tal, A., Fine, P., and Hadas, A. (2011). “Predicting nitrogen and carbon mineralization of composted manure and sewage sludge in soil.” Compos. Sci. Util., 19(1), 33–43.
Antolin, M. C., Fiasconaro, M. L., and Sanchez-Diaz, M. (2010). “Relationship between photosynthetic capacity, nitrogen assimilation and nodule metabolism in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) grown with sewage sludge.” J. Hazard. Mater., 182(1–3), 210–216.
Arabani, M., and Mirabdolazimi, S. M. (2011). “Experimental investigation of the fatigue behaviour of asphalt concrete mixtures containing waste iron powder.” Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 528(10–11), 3866–3870.
Arabani, M., Mirabdolazimi, S. M., and Sasani, A. R. (2010). “The effect of waste tire thread mesh on the dynamic behaviour of asphalt mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater., 24(6), 1060–1068.
Bhatty, J. I., and Reid, K. J. (1989). “Compressive strength of municipal sludge ash mortars.” ACI Mater. J., 86(4), 394–400.
Bianchetto, H., Miró, R., Pérez-Jiménez, F., and Martínez, A. H. (2007). “Effect of calcareous fillers on bituminous mix aging.” Transportation Research Record 1998, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 140–148.
Carrion, M. T. P., Brotons, F. B., Terradillos, P. G., Malo, O. G., and Bernabeu, J. P. (2013). “Potencial use of sewage sludge ash as a fine aggregate replacement in precast concrete blocks.” Dyna-Colombia, 80(179), 142–150.
Chang, F. C., Lin, J. D., Tsai, C. C., and Wang, K. S. (2010). “Study on cement mortar and concrete made with sewage sludge ash.” Water Sci. Technol., 62(7), 1689–1693.
Chen, M. Z., Lin, J. T., and Wu, S. P. (2011). “Potential of recycled fine aggregates powder as filler in asphalt mixture.” Constr. Build. Mater., 25(10), 3909–3914.
Cyr, M., Coutand, M., and Clastres, P. (2007). “Technological and environmental behavior of sewage sludge ash (SSA) in cement-based materials.” Cem. Concr. Res., 37(8), 1278–1289.
da Christiane de Figueirêdo Lopes Lucena, L., Thomé Juca, J., Soares, J., and Portela, M. (2013). “Potential uses of sewage sludge in highway construction.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 04014051.
Donatello, S., Tong, D., and Cheeseman, C. R. (2010). “Production of technical grade phosphoric acid from incinerator sewage sludge ash (ISSA).” Waste Manage., 30(8–9), 1634–1642.
Huang, C. H., and Wang, S. Y. (2013). “Application of water treatment sludge in the manufacturing of lightweight aggregate.” Constr. Build. Mater., 43(6), 174–183.
Instituto Argentino de Racionalización de Materiales (IRAM). (1983). “Material de relleno (“Filler”) para mezclas asfálticas. Método de determinación de la relación crítica (“concentración crítica”) y de la densidad.”, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Jayasinghe, G. Y., Tokashiki, Y., Arachchi, I. D. L., and Arakaki, M. (2010). “Sewage sludge sugarcane trash based compost and synthetic aggregates as peat substitutes in containerized media for crop production.” J. Hazard. Mater., 174(1–3), 700–706.
Khanbilvardi, R., and Afshari, S. (1995). “Sludge ash as fine aggregate for concrete mix.” J. Environ. Eng., 633–638.
Kok, B. V., and Yilmaz, M. (2009). “The effects of using lime and styrene-butadiene-styrene on moisture sensitivity resistance of hot mix asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater., 23(5), 1999–2006.
Krzywy-Gawronska, E. (2010). “Impact of composts with the participation of municipal sewage sludge on the content of the total forms of copper, manganese and zinc in soil.” Pol. J. Chem. Technol., 12(4), 15–18.
Lakhdar, A., et al. (2011). “Effect of municipal solid waste compost and sewage sludge on enzymatic activities and wheat yield in a clayey-loamy soil.” Soil Sci., 176(1), 15–21.
Lin, D. F., and Weng, C. H. (2001). “Use of sewage sludge ash as brick material.” J. Environ. Eng., 922–927.
Lin, K. L., Chiang, K. Y., and Lin, C. Y. (2005). “Hydration characteristics of waste sludge ash that is reused in eco-cement clinkers.” Cem. Concr. Res., 35(6), 1074–1081.
Lin, K. L., and Lin, C. Y. (2005). “Hydration characteristics of waste sludge ash utilized as raw cement material.” Cem. Concr. Res., 35(10), 1999–2007.
Lin, Y. M., Zhou, S. Q., Li, F. Z., and Lin, Y. X. (2012). “Utilization of municipal sewage sludge as additives for the production of eco-cement.” J. Hazard. Mater., 213(12), 457–465.
Mattenberger, H., et al. (2010). “Sewage sludge ash to phosphorus fertiliser (II): Influences of ash and granulate type on heavy metal removal.” Waste Manage., 30(8–9), 1622–1633.
Ministerio de Agricultura, A. y. M. A. (2013). “Calidad y evaluación ambiental. Lodos de depuración de aguas residuales.” 〈http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/prevencion-y-gestion-residuos/flujos/lodos-depuradora/〉 (Nov. 20, 2012).
Ministerio de Fomento. (2009). “Pliego de Prescripciones Tecnicas Generales para Obras de Carreteras y Puentes (PG-3).” Ministerio de Fomento, Madrid.
Monzo, J., Paya, J., Borrachero, M. V., and Corcoles, A. (1996). “Use of sewage sludge ash (SSA)-cement admixtures in mortars.” Cem. Concr. Res., 26(9), 1389–1398.
Monzo, J., Paya, J., Borrachero, M. V., and Girbes, I. (2003). “Reuse of sewage sludge ashes (SSA) in cement mixtures: The effect of SSA on the workability of cement mortars.” Waste Manage., 23(4), 373–381.
Monzo, J., Paya, J., Borrachero, M. V., and Peris-Mora, E. (1999). “Mechanical behavior of mortars containing sewage sludge ash (SSA) and Portland cements with different tricalcium aluminate content.” Cem. Concr. Res., 29(1), 87–94.
Movilla-Quesada, D., Vega-Zamanillo, A., Calzada-Perez, M. A., and Castro-Fresno, D. (2012). “Evaluation of water effect on bituminous mastics with different contribution fillers and binders.” Constr. Build. Mater., 29(4), 339–347.
Nejad, F. M., Aflaki, E., and Mohammadi, M. A. (2010). “Fatigue behavior of SMA and HMA mixtures.” Constr. Build. Mater., 24(7), 1158–1165.
Perez, I., Pasandin, A. R., and Medina, L. (2012). “Hot mix asphalt using C&D waste as coarse aggregates.” Mater. Des., 36(4), 840–846.
Recasens, R. M., Martinez, A., Jimenez, F. P., and Bianchetto, H. (2005). “Effect of filler on the aging potential of asphalt mixtures.” Transportation Research Record 1901, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 10–17.
Sengul, C. E., Aksoy, A., Iskender, E., and Ozen, H. (2012). “Hydrated lime treatment of asphalt concrete to increase permanent deformation resistance.” Constr. Build. Mater., 30(5), 139–148.
Shen, W. G., Zhou, M. K., Ma, W., Hu, J. Q., and Cai, Z. (2009). “Investigation on the application of steel slag-fly ash-phosphogypsum solidified material as road base material.” J. Hazard. Mater., 164(1), 99–104.
Soares, A., et al. (2010). “Comparison between disintegrated and fermented sewage sludge for production of a carbon source suitable for biological nutrient removal.” J. Hazard. Mater., 175(1–3), 733–739.
Spanish Association for Standardization and Certification (AENOR). (2003). “Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 8: Determination of void characteristics of bituminous specimens.”, Spain.
Spanish Association for Standardization and Certification (AENOR). (2008a). “Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 22: Wheel tracking.”, Spain.
Spanish Association for Standardization and Certification (AENOR). (2008b). “Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 31: Specimen preparation by gyratory compactor.”, Spain.
Spanish Association for Standardization and Certification (AENOR). (2009). “Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 12: Determination of the water sensitivity of bituminous specimens.”, Spain.
Spanish Association for Standardization and Certification (AENOR). (2012a). “Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 6: Determination of bulk density of bituminous specimens.”, Spain.
Spanish Association for Standardization and Certification (AENOR). (2012b). “Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 26: Stiffness.”, Spain.
Tay, J. H. (1987a). “Bricks manufactured from sludge.” J. Environ. Eng., 278–284.
Tay, J. H. (1987b). “Sludge ash as filler for portland-cement concrete.” J. Environ. Eng., 345–351.
Tay, J. H., and Show, K. Y. (1992). “Utilization of municipal waste-water sludge as building and construction materials.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 6(3), 191–204.
Uzun, I., and Terzi, S. (2012). “Evaluation of andesite waste as mineral filler in asphaltic concrete mixture.” Constr. Build. Mater., 31(6), 284–288.
Wang, H. L., et al. (2012). “Modification to degradation of hexazinone in forest soils amended with sewage sludge.” J. Hazard. Mater., 199, 96–104.
Weng, C. H., Lin, D. F., and Chiang, P. C. (2003). “Utilization of sludge as brick materials.” Adv. Environ. Res., 7(3), 679–685.
Wu, S. P., Zhu, J. Q., Zhong, J. J., and Wang, D. M. (2011). “Experimental investigation on related properties of asphalt mastic containing recycled red brick powder.” Constr. Build. Mater., 25(6), 2883–2887.
Xue, Y. J., Hou, H. B., Zhu, S. J., and Zha, J. (2009). “Utilization of municipal solid waste incineration ash in stone mastic asphalt mixture: Pavement performance and environmental impact.” Constr. Build. Mater., 23(2), 989–996.
Yilmaz, M., Kok, B. V., and Kuloglu, N. (2011). “Effects of using asphaltite as filler on mechanical properties of hot mix asphalt.” Constr. Build. Mater., 25(11), 4279–4286.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 27 • Issue 4 • April 2015
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 3, 2013
Accepted: Mar 24, 2014
Published online: Jul 22, 2014
Discussion open until: Dec 22, 2014
Published in print: Apr 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.