Experiments of Chloride Ingression in Loaded Concrete Members under the Marine Environment
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 26, Issue 6
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the effect of load on chloride diffusion in concrete members in tidal zone and salt spray zone which were simulated by using a self-designed tidal circulation device and a salt spray chamber. The concrete members were loaded by using self anchoring at both ends. The load conditions were 0, 0.3, and 0.5 times of the member’s flexural strength (). Chloride concentration profiles in concretes were determined after 35, 70, 120, and 180 days of exposure, respectively. Regression analysis of the experimental data was carried out by applying Fick’s law of diffusion to determine the diffusion coefficient () and chloride concentration on the surface (). The results show that chloride diffusion has a big difference between the two zones; diffusion coefficient () is time dependent and gradually reduces over time; loads have a certain impact on diffusion; and tensile stress promotes chloride diffusion whereas compressive stress inhibits chloride diffusion. Based on the results obtained, analytical expressions of chloride concentration considering loads and time in marine concrete are given.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51279128) and the Key Projects in Tianjin Science and Technology Pillar Program (10SYSYJC27300).
References
Berman, H. A. (1972). “Determination of chloride in hardened Portland cement, paste and concrete.” J. Mater., 7(3), 330–335.
Boddy, A., Bentz, E., and Thomas, M. D. A. (1999). “An overview and sensitivity study of a multimechanistic chloride transport mode.” Cem. Concr. Res., 29(6), 827–837.
Browne, R. D. (1980). “Mechanism of corrosion of steel in concrete in relation to design, inspection, and repair of offshore and coastal structures.” ACI Spec. Publ., 65, 169–204.
Collepardi, M., Marcialis, A., and Turrizzani, R. (1970). “The kinetics of penetration of chloride ions into the concrete.” Cemento (Italy), 4(26), 157–164.
Collepardi, M., Marcialis, A., and Turrizzani, R. (1972). “Penetration of chloride ions into cement pastes and concretes.” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 55(10), 534–535.
Ehlen, M. A., Thomas, M. D. A., and Bentz, E. C. (2009). “Life-365 service life prediction model (TM) version 2.0.” Concr. Int., 31(5), 41–46.
Francois, R., and Maso, J. C. (1988). “Effect of damage in reinforced concrete on carbonation or chloride penetration.” Cem. Concr. Res., 18(6), 961–970.
Friedmann, H., Amiri, O., Aït-Mokhtar, A., and Dumargue, P. (2004). “A direct method for determining chloride diffusion coefficient by using migration test.” Cem. Concr. Res., 34(11), 1967–1973.
Gowripalan, N., Sirivivatnanon, V., and Lim, C. C. (2000). “Chloride diffusivity of concrete cracked in flexure.” J. Cem. Concr. Res., 30(5), 725–730.
He, S. Q. (2004). “Test research on durability of reinforced concrete structures under the environment of chloride.” Ph.D. thesis, Dalian Univ. of Technology, Dalian, LN.
Konin, A., Francois, R., and Arliguie, G. (1998). “Penetration of chlorides in relation to the micro cracking state into reinforced ordinary and high strength concrete.” Mater. Struct., 31(5), 310–316.
Life-365 V2.0.1 users manual. (2010). 〈http://www.life-365.org〉 (Feb. 3, 2010).
Lim, C. C., Gowripalan, N., and Sirivvatnanon, V. (1999). “Influence of micro cracks on chloride ion penetration of concrete subjected to compressive loads.” Concrete 99: Our concrete environment, CIA, NSW, 155–161.
Liu, J., Xing, F., and Dong, B. Q. (2010). “Diffusion of chloride ion in concrete ion into salt spray environment.” J. Shenzhen Univ. Sci. Eng. (China), 27(2), 192–198.
Lu, C. H., Wang, H. L., and Jin, W. L. (2008). “Modeling the influence of stress level on chloride transport in prestressed concrete.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Durability of Concrete Structures, Zhejiang University Press, Zhejiang, China.
Mangat, P. S., and Gurusamy, K. (1987). “Chloride diffusion in steel fibre reinforced marine concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 17(3), 385–396.
Mangat, P. S., and Molloy, B. T. (1994). “Prediction of long term chloride concentration in concrete.” Mater. Struct., 27(6), 338–346.
Mehta, P. K. (1991). “Durability of concrete—fifty years of progress? Durability of concrete—GM.” Idorn Int. Symp. SP-126, ACI, Detroit, 27–34.
Michael, D. A., Thomas, A., and Phil, B. (1999). “Modelling chloride diffusion in concrete effect of fly ash and slag.” Cem. Concr. Res., 29(4), 487–495.
Ministry of Communications of the People’s Republic of China. (2011). “Testing code of concrete for port and watering engineering.”, China Standards Press, Beijing.
Neville, A. (1995). “Chloride attack of reinforced concrete: An overview.” Mater. Struct., 28(2), 63–70.
Shui, J. F. (2005). “Research on durability of reinforced concrete bridge in tide affected zone.” M.S. thesis, Dalian Univ. of Technology, Dalian, LN.
Song, H. W., Ann, K. Y., Pack, S. W., and Lee, C. H. (2010). “Factors influencing chloride transport and chloride threshold level for the prediction of service life of concrete structures.” Int. J. Struct. Eng., 1(1), 131–144.
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. (2012). “Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres—Salt spray tests.”, China Standards Press, Beijing.
Wang, C. H., and Jiang, J. Y. (2012). “Progress in effect of loading on chloride ion diffusion in concrete.” Ind. Constr. (China), 34(5), 1–10.
Wang, L. C., and Ueda, T. (2009). “Meso-scale modeling of chloride difusion in concrete with consideration of effects of time and temperature.” Water Sci. Eng., 2(3), 58–70.
Wang, Y. Z., Tian, S. Z., and Wang, J. (2010). “Chloride diffusion model of RC member in various marine environments considering loading effect.” J. Waterw. Harbor (China), 31(2), 125–131.
Xing, F., Leng, F. G., and Feng, N. Q. (2004). “The influence of long-term sustaining load on the permeability of plain concrete to chloride ion.” Concrete (China), 5, 3–8.
Yan, Y. D., Jin, W. L., and Chen, J. (2012). “Experiments of chloride ingression in flexural reinforced concrete beams.” Adv. Struct. Eng., 15(2), 277–286.
Yoon, S., and Wang, K. (2000). “Interaction between loading, corrosion and serviceability of reinforced concrete.” ACI Mater. J., 97(6), 637–644.
Yuan, C. B., Zhang, D. F., and Liu, R. G. (2003). “Diffusivity of chloride in concrete in different stress states.” J. Hohai Univ. Nat. Sci. Ed. (China), 31(1), 50–54.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 26 • Issue 6 • June 2014
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 24, 2013
Accepted: Oct 16, 2013
Published online: Oct 18, 2013
Published in print: Jun 1, 2014
Discussion open until: Aug 17, 2014
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.