Feasibility Study of Developing Green ECC Using Iron Ore Tailings Powder as Cement Replacement
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 25, Issue 7
Abstract
This paper reports the results of an initial attempt of using iron ore tailings (IOTs) to develop greener engineered cementitious composites (ECCs). ECC is a unique class of high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites featuring high tensile ductility and durability. However, the high cement usage in ECC limits the material greenness and increases the material cost compared with normal concrete. In this paper, IOTs in powder form are used to partially replace cement to enhance the environmental sustainability of ECC. Mechanical properties and material greenness of ECC containing various proportions of IOTs are investigated. The newly developed versions of ECC in this paper, with a cement content of , exhibit a tensile ductility of 2.3–3.3%, tensile strength of 5.1–6.0 MPa, and compressive strength of 46–57 MPa at 28 days. The replacement of cement with IOTs results in 10–32% reduction in energy consumption and 29–63% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions in green ECC compared with typical ECC. Thus, the feasibility of producing greener ECC with significantly reduced environmental impact using IOTs, and maintaining the mechanical properties of typical ECC, is experimentally demonstrated in this paper.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Support from the National Science Foundation (CMMI 1030159) to the University of Michigan is gratefully acknowledged. Xiaoyan Huang is supported by a grant from the Chinese Scholarship Council as a visiting scholar at the University of Michigan. The authors would like to acknowledge Lafarge (cement), U.S. Silica (silica sand), W. R. Grace (HRWRA), Kuraray (PVA fiber), and Shouyun (iron ore tailings) for material supplies. The authors would also like to thank Li Hong of the University of Science and Technology Beijing for XRD tests and Hu Gang of the Institute of Tibetan Plate Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for his assistance in particle size distribution tests.
References
ASTM. (2010). “Standard specification for slag cement for use in concrete and mortars.” C989, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2012a). “Standard specification for Portland cement.” C150/C150M, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2012b). “Standard test method for linear-elastic plane-strain fracture toughness K Ic of metallic materials.” E399-12, West Conshohocken, PA.
Badur, S., and Rubina, B. (2008). “Utilization of hazardous wastes and by-products as a green concrete material through s/s process: A review.” Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci., 17(1–2), 42–61.
Benezet, J. C., and Benhassaine, A. (1999). “The influence of particle size on the pozzolanic reactiviy of quartz powder.” Powder Technol., 103(1), 26–29.
Bousted, I. (1999). “High density polyethylene.” Eco-profiles of Plastics and Related Intermediates. Brussels, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe.
Bousted, I. (2005). “Acrylonitrile.” Eco-Profiles for the European Plastics Industry. Brussels, Association of European Plastic Manufacturers.
Cai, J.-W., Zhang, S.-B., Hou, G.-X., and Wang, C.-M. (2009). “Effects of ferrous mill tailings as aggreagtes on workability and strength of concrete.” J. Wuhan Univ. Technol., 31(7), 104–107 (in Chinese).
Das, S. K., Kumar, S., and Ramachandrarao, P. (2000). “Exploitation of iron ore tailing for the development of ceramic tiles.” Waste Manage., 20(8), 725–729.
Ecobilan-PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2001). TEAM/DEAM databases, Ecobilan, Rockville, MD.
Guettala, S., and Mezghiche, B. (2011). “Compressive strength and hydration with age of cement pastes containing dune sand powder.” Constr. Build. Mater., 25(3), 1263–1269.
Huang, X.-Y., Ni, W., Zhu, L.-P., and Wang, Z.-J. (2010). “Grinding characteristic of Qidashan iron tailings.” J. Univ. Sci. Technol. Beijing, 32(10), 1253–1257 (in Chinese).
Kanda, T., and Li, V. C. (2006). “Practical design criteria for saturated pseudo strain hardening behavior in ECC.” J. Adv. Concr. Technol., 4(1), 59–72.
Kendall, A., Keoleian, G. A., and Lepech, M. (2008). “Material design for sustainability through life cycle modeling of engineered cementitious composites.” Mater. Struct., 41(6), 1117–1131.
Keoleian, G. A., et al. (2005a). “Life-cycle cost model for evaluating the sustainability of bridge decks.” Proc., Int. Workshop on Life-Cycle Cost Analysis and Design of Civil Infrastructure Systems, ASCE, Reston, VA, 143–150.
Keoleian, G. A., et al. (2005b). “Life cycle modeling of concrete bridge design: Comparison of ECC link slabs and conventional steel expansion joints.” J. Infrastruct. Syst., 11(1), 51–60.
Kiattikomol, K., Jaturapitakkul, C., and Tangpagasit, J. (2000). “Effect of insoluble residue on properties of portland cement.” Cement Concr. Res., 30(8), 1209–1214.
Kim, Y. Y., Kong, H. J., and Li, V. C. (2003). “Design of engineered cementitious composite suitable for wet-mix shotcreting.” ACI Mater. J., 100(6), 511–518.
Kong, H. J., Bike, S., and Li, V. C. (2003). “Development of a self-consolidating engineered cementitious composite employing electrosteric dispersion/stabilization.” Cement Concr. Compos., 25(3), 301–309.
Kronlof, A. (1994). “Effect of very fine aggregate on concrete strength.” Mater. Struct., 27(1), 15–25.
Lawrence, P., Cyr, M., and Ringot, E. (2003). “Mineral admixtures in mortars, effect of inert materials on short-term hydration.” Cement Concr. Res., 33(12), 1939–1947.
Li, C., Sun, H.-H., Bai, J., and Li, L.-T. (2010). “Innovative methodology for comprehensive utilization of iron ore tailings: Part 1. The recovery of iron from iron ore tailings using magnetic separation after magnetizing roasting.” J. Hazard. Mater., 174(1–3), 71–77.
Li, D.-Z., Ni, W., Zhang, J.-W., Wu, H., and Zhang, Y.-Y. (2011). “Phase transformation of iron ore tailings during autoclaved curing.” J. Chin. Ceram. Soc., 39(4), 708–804.
Li, M. (2009a). “Multi-scale design for durable repair of concrete structures.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
Li, M., and Li, V. C. (2009). “Influence of material ductility on the performance of concrete repair.” ACI Mater. J., 106(5), 419–428.
Li, V. C. (2009b). “Driving infrastructure sustainability with strain hardening cementitious composites.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Advanced Concrete Materials, Advanced Civil Engineering—Materials Research Laboratory, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 181–192.
Li, V. C. (1997). “Engineered cementitious composites—Tailored composites through micromechanical modeling.” Fiber reinforced concrete: Present and the future, N. Banthia, A. Bentur, and A. Mufti, eds., Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Montréal, 64–97.
Li, V. C. (2003). “On engineered cementitious composites (ECC)—A review of the material and its applications.” J. Adv. Concr. Technol., 1(3), 215–230.
Li, V. C., Lepech, M., Wang, S., Weimann, M., and Keoleian, G. (2004). “Development of green ECC for sustainable infrastructure system.” Proc., Int. Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 181–192.
Li, V. C., and Leung, C. K. Y. (1992). “Steady state and multiple cracking of short random fiber composites.” J. Eng. Mech., 118(11), 2246–2264.
Li, V. C., Mishra, D. K., and Wu, H. C. (1995). “Matrix design for pseudo strain-hardening fiber reinforced cementitious composites.” RILEM J. Mater. Struct., 28(10), 586–595.
Lin, Z., and Li, V. C. (1997). “Crack bridging in fiber reinforced cementitious composites with slip-hardening interfaces.” J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 45(5), 763–787.
Liu, M., Xu, L.-H., Zhang, X.-M., Hao, H.-S., and Di, Y.-P. (2009). “Preparation of eco-friendly composite ceramic from iron ore tailings.” Mater. Sci. Forum, 803(610), 281–284.
Maiti, S. K., Nandhini, S., and Das, M. (2005). “Accumulation of metals by naturally growing herbaceous and tree species in iron ore tailings.” Int. J. Environ. Stud., 62(5), 595–603.
Marceau, M. L., Nisbet, M. A., and VanGeem, M. G. (2007). “Life cycle inventory of portland cement concrete.” SN3011, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.
Marceau, M. L., and VanGeem, M. G. (2003). “Life cycle inventory of slag cement manufacturing process.” Construction Technology Laboratories (CTL) Project No. 312012, Slag Cement Association, Skokie, IL.
Meng, Y.-H., Ni, W., and Zhang, Y. (2011). “Current state of ore tailings reusing and its future development in China.” China Mine Eng., 39(5), 4–9 (in Chinese).
Ministry of Industry, and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China (MIITPRC). (2013). “Plan on the comprehensive utilization of metal ore tailings for 2010-2015.” 〈http://www.miit.gov.cn/n11293472/n11293832/n12843926/13158991.html〉 (Apr. 14, 2013) (in Chinese).
Nisbet, M. A., Marceau, M. L., and VanGeem, M. G. (2002). Life cycle inventory of portland cement manufacture (An appendix to environmental life cycle inventory of Portland cement concrete), Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.
Ramazan, D., and Rüstem, G. (2006). “Production of high strength concrete by use of industrial by-products.” Build. Environ., 41(8), 1124–1127.
Ranade, R., Stults, M. D., Li, V. C., Rushing, T. S., Roth, J., and Heard, W. F. (2011). “Development of high strength high ductility concrete.” Proc., 2nd Int. RILEM Conf. on Strain Hardening Cementitious Composites, RILEM Publications, Bagneux, France, 1–8.
Saikia, N., and Brito, J. (2012). “Use of plastic waste as aggregate in cement mortar and concrete preparation: A review.” Constr. Build. Mater., 34(1), 385–401.
Shi, C.-J., and Zheng, K.-R. (2007). “A review on the use of waste glasses in the production of cement and concrete.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 52(2), 234–247.
Sirkeci, A. A., Gul, A., and Bulut, G. (2006). “Recovery of Co, Ni, and Cu from the tailings of divrigi iron ore concentrator.” Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. Rev., 27(2), 131–141.
Slag Cement Association. (2002). “Slag cement and fly ash.”, Slag Cement Association, Woodstock, GA.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (2000a). “NONROAD.” Ann Arbor, MI.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (2000b). “Sources of dioxin-like compounds in the United States. Draft exposure and human health reassessment of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds.”, Washington, DC.
Van Oss, H. G., and Padovani, A. C. (2002). “Cement technology.” J. Ind. Ecol., 6(1), 89–105.
Wang, J.-Z., and Wu, C. (2000). “Effect of energy saving and formation of portland cement clinker using iron-tailings as raw materials.” J. Shenyang Arch. Civ. Eng. Inst., 16(2), 112–114 (in Chinese).
Wang, S., and Li, V. C. (2003). “Materials design of lightweight PVA-ECC.” Proc., 4th Int. RILEM Workshop on High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites (HPFRCC 4), RILEM Publications, Bagneux, France, 379–390.
Wang, S., and Li, V. C. (2006). “High-early-strength engineered cementitious composites.” ACI Mater. J., 103(2), 97–105.
Wang, S., and Li, V. C. (2007). “Engineered cementitious composites with high-volume fly ash.” ACI Mater. J., 104(3), 233–241.
Yang, E. H., Yang, Y., and Li, V. C. (2007). “Use of high volumes of fly ash to improve ECC mechanical properties and material greenness.” ACI Mater. J., 104(6), 620–628.
Zhang, S., et al. (2006). “Current situation and comprehensive utilization of iron ore tailing resources.” J. Min. Sci., 42(4), 403–408.
Zheng, Y.-C., Ni, W., Xu, L., Li, D.-Z., and Yang, J.-H. (2010). “Mechanochemical activation of iron ore tailings and preparation of high-strength construction materials.” J. Univ. Sci. Technol. Beijing, 32(4), 504–507 (in Chinese).
Zhu, L.-P., Ni, W., Huang, D., Hui, M., and Gao, S.-J. (2011). “Whole-tailings backfilling materials with fly ash.” J. Univ. Sci. Technol. Beijing, 33(10), 1190–1196 (in Chinese).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 25 • Issue 7 • July 2013
Pages: 923 - 931
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 19, 2012
Accepted: Aug 28, 2012
Published online: Sep 1, 2012
Published in print: Jul 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.