Technical Papers
Aug 31, 2012

Examination of Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Reinforced Geopolymer Concretes

Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 25, Issue 10

Abstract

The durability of steel reinforced-concrete specimens made from three alkali-activated fly ash (FA) stockpiles and ordinary portland cement (OPC) in cyclic wet-dry chloride environment was evaluated over a period of 12 months. Testing methods included electrochemical methods, chloride diffusion and contents analysis, chemical and mechanical analyses, and visual examination. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) specimens made from Class F FA exhibited lower diffusion coefficients, chloride contents, and porosity compared with their GPC Class C FA and OPC counterparts. Overall, GPC specimens displayed limited signs of leaching and corrosion product formation, whereas OPC specimens exhibited the formation of multiple corrosion products along with significant leaching.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

Aligizaki, K. (2005). Pore structure of cement based materials: Testing interpretation and requirements, Taylor and Francis, London, UK.
ASTM. (2003a). “Standard practice for making and curing concrete test specimens in the laboratory.”, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2003b). “Standard test method for acid-soluble chloride in mortar and concrete.”, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2003c). “Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens.”, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2003d). “Standard test method for determining effects of chemical admixtures on corrosion of embedded steel reinforcement in concrete exposed to chloride environments.”, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2003e). “Standard test method for determining the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient of cementitious mixtures by bulk diffusion.”, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2003f). “Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration.”, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2003g). “Standard test method for half-cell potentials of uncoated reinforcing steel in concrete.”, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bastidas, D. M., Fernandez-Jimenez, A., Palomo, A., and Gonzalez, J. A. (2008). “A study on the passive state stability of steel embedded in activated fly ash mortars.” Corros. Sci., 50(4), 1058–1065.
Bentur, A., Diamond, S., and Berke, N. (1997). Steel corrosion in concrete, E. & F.N. Spon, London.
Broomfield, J. (2007). Corrosion of steel in concrete: Understanding, investigation and repair, 2nd Ed., E. & F.N. Spon, London.
Cornell, R. M., and Schwertmann, U. (2003). The iron oxides: Structure, properties, reactions, occurrences and uses, 2nd Ed., Wiley-VCH, Germany.
Criado, M., Fernandez-Jimenez, A., de la Torre, A. G., Aranda, M. A. G., Palomo, A. (2007). “An XRD study of the effect of the SiO2/Na2O ratio on the alkali activation of fly ash.” Cem. Concr. Res., 37(5), 671–679.
Davidovits, J. (2008). Geopolymer chemistry and applications, 2nd Ed., Geopolymer Institute, Saint-Quentin, France.
Diaz, E. I. (2011). “Development of approximating functions to model and predict the properties of fresh and hardened fly ash-based geopolymer concrete.” Ph.D. thesis, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA.
Diaz, E. I., Allouche, E. N., and Eklund, S. (2010). “Factors affecting the suitability of fly ash as source material for geopolymers.” Fuel, 89(5), 992–996.
Diaz-Loya, E., Allouche, E. N., Eklund, S., Joshi, A. R., and Kupwade-Patil, K. (2012). “Toxicity mitigation and solidification of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash using alkaline activated coal ash.” Waste Manage., 32(8), 1521–1527.
Duxon, P., Fernandez-Jimenez, A., Provis, J. L., Lukey, G. C., Palomo, A., and Van Deventer, J. (2007). “Geopolymer technology: The current state of art.” J. Mater. Sci., 42(9), 2917–2933.
Koleva, D., et al. (2008). “Correlation of microstructure, electrical properties and electrochemical phenomena in reinforced mortar. Part I: Microstructural observations and electrical properties.” Mater. Charact., 59(3), 290–300.
Lindquist, W. D., Darwin, D., Browning, J., and Miller, G. (2006). “Effect of cracking on chloride content in concrete bridge decks.” ACI Mater. J., 103(6), 467–473.
Montes, C., and Allouche, E. N. (2012a). “Evaluation of the potential of geopolymer mortar in the rehabilitation of buried infrastructure.” Struct. Infra. Eng., 8(1), 89–98.
Montes, C., and Allouche, E. N. (2012b). “Influence of activator solution formation on fresh and hardened properties of low-calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete.” Coal Combust. Gasif. Prod. J., 4, 1–9.
Poursaee, A., and Hansson, C. M. (2009). “Potential pitfalls in assessing chloride-induced corrosion of steel in concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 39(5), 391–400.
Provis, J. L., and van Deventer, J. S. (2009). Geopolymers: Structure, processing, properties and industrial applications, Woodhead, Cambridge, UK.
Roberge, P. R. (2007). Corrosion inspection and monitoring, Wiley-Interscience, New Jersey.
Soleymani, H. R., and Ismail, M. E. (2004). “Comparing corrosion measurement methods to assess the corrosion activity of laboratory OPC and HPC concrete specimens.” Cem. Concr. Res., 34(11), 2037–2044.
Uysal, M., and Akyuncu, V. (2012). “Durability performance of concrete incorporating Class F and Class C fly ashes.” Constr. Build. Mater., 34, 170–178.
Wynne, H., Broquin, F. D., and Singh, S. (2010). “U.S. utilities: Coal-fired generation is squeezed in the vice of EPA regulation; who wins and who loses?” Bernstein Research, 109.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 25Issue 10October 2013
Pages: 1465 - 1476

History

Received: Mar 11, 2012
Accepted: Aug 28, 2012
Published online: Aug 31, 2012
Discussion open until: Jan 31, 2013
Published in print: Oct 1, 2013

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Kunal Kupwade-Patil, Ph.D. [email protected]
Research Assistant Professor, Alternative Cementitious Binders Laboratory (ACBL), Dept. of Civil Engineering, Louisiana Tech Univ., Ruston, LA 71272. E-mail: [email protected]
Erez N. Allouche, Ph.D. [email protected]
P.Eng.
Associate Professor in Civil Engineering, Director of ACBL, 203 Engineering Annex, Louisiana Tech Univ., Ruston, LA 71272 (corresponding author). E-mail: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share