Reconsideration of European Empirical and Fundamental Specifications for Asphalt Mixtures
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 25, Issue 8
Abstract
The research considered here harmonized specifications for asphalt concrete and stone mastic asphalt of 21 central, northern, and southern European countries which adopted the wheel tracking test using a small device in air. An objective of the research was to reconsider these requirements by identifying a potential relationship with climatic conditions and traffic load. The empirical requirements predominantly included the proportional rut depth and, to a lesser extent, the wheel tracing slope. The southern European countries mostly did not adopt these requirements. On the other hand, the fundamental, performance-based, requirements considered stiffness, creep rate, and resistance to fatigue, but with a greater variety in terms of the test methods and conditions. There was a certain relationship between the requirements and the air temperature conditions as well as the traffic load identified. Furthermore, the strictness of the requirements regarding the resistance to permanent deformation decreases from south to north. However, conclusions regarding the fundamental requirements can be drawn only when more countries have adopted these specifications. Besides the need to adopt the performance-related requirements by the remaining countries considered, the test methods and conditions of the performance-based requirements need further harmonization to take a step toward the removal of technical barriers in the field of pavement construction across Europe.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to express his gratitude to the colleagues from universities, research institutes, companies, and professional associations from all around Europe for providing precious assistance in his research.
References
Agencija Republike Slovenije za okolje. (2012). “Klimatski podatki za 30-letno obdobje (tabele). Ljubljana.” 〈http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/napovedi%20in%20podatki/podneb_30_tabele.html〉 (May 6, 2012) (in Slovenian).
Almássy, K. (2010). Transportation pavement structures: Base concept of the road pavement, Dept. of Highway and Railway Engineering, Budapest, Budapest Univ. of Technology and Economics 〈http://www.uvt.bme.hu/english/pavstruct/pavstruct2.pdf〉 (Feb. 17, 2010).
Arbeitsgruppe Asphaltbauweisen. (2008). “Technische Lieferbedingungen für Asphaltmischgut für den Bau von Verkehrsflächenbefestigungen (TL Asphalt-StB 07).”, Forschungsgesellschaft für Straßen- und Verkehrswesen (FGSV), Cologne, Germany (in German).
Arbeitsgruppe Fahrzeug und Fahrbahn. (2001). “Richtlinien für die Standardisierung des Oberbaues von Verkehrsflachen (RStO 01).”, Forschungsgesellschaft für Straßen- und Verkehrswesen (FGSV), Cologne, Germany (in German).
Arbeitsgruppe Infrastrukturmanagement. (2009). “Arbeitsanleitung zur Bestimmung des Steifigkeits- und Ermüdungsverhaltens von Asphalten mit dem Spaltzug-Schwellversuch als Eingangsgröße in die Dimensionierung (AL Sp-Asphalt 09).”, Forschungsgesellschaft für Straßen- und Verkehrswesen (FGSV), Cologne, Germany (in German).
Asociaţia de Standardizare din România (ASRO). (2009). “Lucrări de drumuri—Îmbrăcăminţi bituminoase cilindrate executate la cald. I: Condiţii tehnice pentru mixturi asfaltice.”, Bucureşti (in Romanian).
Bańkowski, W., et al. (2008). “Nawierzchnie asfaltowe na drogach publicznych—WT-2 Nawierzchnie asfaltowe 2008.” Instytut Badawczy Dróg i Mostów (IBDiM), Warsaw, Poland.
Bulgarski institut za standardizacia (BIS). (2009). “BDS EN 13108-1/NA:2009. Asfaltovi smesi—Iziskivania za materialite. I: Asfaltobeton—Natsionalno prilo prilozenie (NA) na BDS EN 13108-1.” Sofia.
Bundesamt für Meteorologie und Klimatologie MeteoSchweiz. (2012). “Standardnormwerte 1961–1990: Lufttemperatur 2m.” Zurich, Switzerland, 〈http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/web/de/klima/klima_schweiz/tabellen.Par.0004.DownloadFile.ext.tmp/temperaturmittel.pdf〉 (May 6, 2012).
Ceļu eksperts. (2010). “Ceļu specifikācijas 2010.” Riga, Latvia Latvijas Valsts ceļi.
Climatology Section. (2012). “Long-term climatological normals for the period 1961–1990.” Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI), Prague, Czech Republic.
Council Directive 89/106/EEC of 21 December 1988 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to construction products. Official Journal of the European Union, L 40, 11.2.1989.
Council Directive 96/53/EC of 25 July 1996 laying down for certain road vehicles circulating within the Community the maximum authorised dimensions in national and international traffic and the maximum authorised weights in international traffic. Official Journal of the European Union, L 235, 17.9.1996.
Český normalizační institut (ČNI). (2008a). “ČSN EN 13108-1. Asfaltové směsi—Specifikace pro materiály. I: Asfaltový beton.” Praha.
Český normalizační institut (ČNI). (2008b). ČSN 13108-5. Asfaltové směsi—Specifikace pro materiály. V: Asfaltový koberec mastixový.
Čorej, J., et al. (2006). “Mechanika vozoviek—Navrhovanie vozoviek a spevnených plôch.” Žilinská univerzita v Žiline, Žilina.
D’Angelo, J., et al. (2008). “Warm-mix asphalt: European practice.”, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Eesti Standardikeskus. (2009). “Tee-ehitus. III: Asfaltsegud.”, Eesti Standardikeskus, Tallinn, Estonia.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2005). “Bituminous mixtures—Test methods for hot mix asphalt—Part 25: Cyclic compression test.”.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2006a). “Bituminous mixtures—Material specifications—Part 1: Asphalt Concrete.”.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2006b). “Bituminous mixtures—Material specifications—Part 5: Stone mastic asphalt.”.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2006c). “Bituminous mixtures—Material specifications—Part 20: Type testing.”.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2007). “Bituminous mixtures—Test methods for hot mix asphalt—Part 22: Wheel tracking.”.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2012a). “Bituminous mixtures—Test methods for hot mix asphalt—Part 26: Stiffness.”, European Committee for Standardisation, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2012b). “Bituminous mixtures—Test methods for hot mix asphalt—Part 24: Resistance to fatigue.”.
Gazdasági és Közlekedési Minisztérium Hálózati Infrastruktúra Főosztálya. (2008a). “Útépítési aszfaltkeverékek—Aszfaltbeton (AC).”, Budapest, Hungary.
Gazdasági és Közlekedési Minisztérium Hálózati Infrastruktúra Főosztálya. (2008b). “Útépítési aszfaltkeverékek—Zúzalékvázas masztixaszfalt (SMA).”.
Group for Road Transport. (2011). “Permissible maximum weights of trucks in Europe.” International Transport Forum (ITF), Paris.
Henigman, S., Bašelj, R., and Bradeško, S. (2006). “Asfalt.” Združenje asfalterjev Slovenije (ZAS), Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Hong Kong Observatory. (2003). “Climatological information for Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.” Kowloon, Hong Kong 〈http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/ger_pl/ger_pl_e_text.htm〉 (May 6, 2012).
Ingram, L. S., et al. (2004). “Superior materials, advanced test methods, and specifications in Europe.”, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Instytut Badawczy Dróg i Mostów. (IBDiM) (1997). “Katalog typowych konstrukcji nawierzchni podatnych i półsztywnych.” Generalna Dyrekcja dróg publicznych, Warsaw, Poland.
Klima- und Umweltberatung. (2009). “Weltklima: Klimatabellen und Klimadiagramme.” Offenbach am Main, Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), 〈http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=dwdwww_klima_umwelt_book&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fkldiagramme__download__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue〉 (May 6, 2012).
Klima- und Umweltberatung. (2012). “Mittelwerte der Temperatur bezogen auf den aktuellen Standort.” Offenbach am Main, Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), 〈http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__mittelwerte__akt__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue〉 (May 6, 2012).
Lietuvos automobilių kelių direkcijos prie Susisiekimo ministerijos. (2009a). “Automobilių kelių dangos konstrukcijos asfalto sluoksnių įrengimo taisyklių (ĮT ASFALTAS 08).” Vilnius, Lithuania, Nr. V-16.
Lietuvos automobilių kelių direkcijos prie Susisiekimo ministerijos. (2009b). “Automobilių kelių asfalto mišinių techninių reikalavimų aprašas (TRA ASFALTAS 08).” Vilnius, Lithuania, Nr. V-15.
Miljković, M., and Radenberg, M. (2012). “Thin noise-reducing asphalt pavements for urban areas in Germany.” Int. J. Pavement Eng., 13(6), 569–578.
Österreichische Forschungsgesellschaft Straße, Schiene, Verkehr (FSV). (2008). “Oberbaubemessung RVS 03.08.63.” Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie, Vienna, Austria.
Österreichische Forschungsgesellschaft Straße, Schiene, Verkehr (FSV). (2010). “Anforderungen an Asphaltmischgut RVS 08.97.05.” Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie, Vienna, Austria.
Österreichisches Normungsinstitut (ÖN). (2009a). “Asphaltmischgut—Mischgutanforderungen—Teil 1: Asphaltbeton—Empirischer Ansatz—Regeln zur Umsetzung der ÖNORM EN 13108-1.”.
Österreichisches Normungsinstitut (ÖN). (2009b). “Asphaltmischgut—Mischgutanforderungen—Teil 1: Splittmastixasphalt—Empirischer Ansatz—Regeln zur Umsetzung der ÖNORM EN 13108-5.”.
Österreichisches Normungsinstitut (ÖN). (2011). “Asphaltmischgut—Mischgutanforderungen—Teil 2: Asphaltbeton—Gebrauchsverhaltensorientierte Anforderungen—Regeln zur Umsetzung der ÖNORM EN 13108-1.”.
Republički hidrometeorološki zavod Srbije. (2012). “Normale za sinoptičke stanice.” Belgrade, 〈http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/latin/meteorologija/klimatologija_srednjaci.php〉 (May 6, 2012).
S.C. Bomaco S.R.L. (2007). “Normativ pentru determinarea traficului de calcul pentru proiectarea drumurilor din punct de vedere al capacitatii portante si al capacitatii de circulatie.” Compania nationala de autostrazi si drumuri nationale din Romania—Centrul de studii tehnice rutiere si informatica, Bucharest, Romania.
Sekcia cestnej dopravy a pozemných komunikácií. (2008). “Katalógové listy asfaltových zmesí.” Ministerstvo dopravy, pôšt a telekomunikácií SR, KLAZ 1/2008, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo (SIST). (2008a). “Bituminizirane zmesi—Specifikacije materialov—I: Bitumenski beton—Zahteve—Pravila za uporabo SIST EN 13108-1.”, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo (SIST). (2008b). “Bituminizirane zmesi—Specifikacije materialov—V: Drobir z bitumenskim mastiksom—Zahteve—Pravila za uporabo 51ST EN 13108-5.”.
Statens vegvesen. (2011). “Vegbygging.” Håndbok 018, Statens vegvesen, Oslo, Norway.
Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik. (2012). “Klimadaten von Österreich 1961–1990.” Vienna, Austria, 〈http://www.zamg.ac.at/klima/klimadaten/klimanormalwerte/index.php〉 (May 6, 2012).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 25 • Issue 8 • August 2013
Pages: 1030 - 1040
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 18, 2012
Accepted: Jul 25, 2012
Published online: Oct 31, 2012
Discussion open until: Mar 31, 2013
Published in print: Aug 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.