Field Evaluation of Warm-Mix Asphalt Technologies
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 24, Issue 11
Abstract
Warm mix asphalt (WMA) has received considerable attention in the past few years to reduce energy consumption and pollutant emissions during hot mix asphalt (HMA) production and placement. However, many concerns and questions are still unanswered regarding the field performance and environmental benefits of WMA. In this study, WMA mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) were evaluated in a field project in Ohio. The project included using Aspha-min, Sasobit, and Evotherm in three test sections. Furthermore, a control section was also produced so that a side-by-side comparison could be made between WMA and HMA mixtures. Temperature and emissions were monitored during the production and placement of the considered WMA and HMA mixtures. In addition, core samples were obtained from the evaluated sections and tested in the laboratory. Roughness and rutting measurements were also conducted during the first 46 months of service. The results of this study showed that the emissions were significantly reduced during the production and placement of WMA mixtures as compared to the control HMA mixture. In addition, although WMA mixtures were compacted at much lower temperatures, they achieved higher in-place density than the control HMA mixture. The results of the laboratory tests conducted on core samples showed that the WMA mixtures had higher indirect tensile strength (ITS) than the HMA mixture after 3 months of service. However, the HMA ITS value increased more rapidly with time than that of the WMA. The moisture susceptibility test results demonstrated that the Sasobit and Evotherm mixtures exhibited acceptable resistance to moisture-induced damage. Finally, the collected performance data indicated that the WMA and HMA sections had similar International Roughness Index (IRI) values after 46 months of service. In addition, no measurable rutting was observed in any of the test sections.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Federal Highway Administration. The authors would like to express thanks to ODOT personnel that helped in this research study, particularly Roger Green. We thank Dan Radanovish of ODOT for taking the IRI measurements. The authors would also acknowledge the contributions of ORITE Research Engineer Issam Khoury and undergraduate students Ben Jordan and Dan Rhine.
References
AASHTO T283. (2007). Standard Method of Test for Resistance of Compacted HMA to Moisture-Induced Damage, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
Austerman, A., Mogawer, W., and Bonaquist, R. (2009). “Evaluating effects of warm-mix asphalt technology additive dosages on workability and durability of asphalt mixtures containing recycled asphalt pavement.” 88th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Barthel, W., Marchand, J.-P., and Devivere, M. V. (2004). “Warm asphalt mixes by adding a synthetic zeolite.” Proc., Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, Vienna.
Bennert, T., Reinke, G., Mogawer, W., and Mooney, K. (2010). “Assessment of workability/compactability of warm mix asphalt.” 89th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Button, J. W., Estakhri, C., and Wimsatt, A. (2007). “A synthesis of warm-mix asphalt.”, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, TX.
Corrigan, M. (2010). Long-life asphalt pavements for the 21st century, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Washington, DC.
Daniel, J. S., and Fowler, J. (2006). “Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt.” New Hampshire Department of Transportation, New Hampshire.
Diefenderfer, S. D., Hearon, A., and McGhee, K. (2008). “Installation and evaluation of warm-mix asphalt projects in Virginia.” 87th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Hampton, T. (2003). “U.S. studies ‘warm mix’ asphalt methods.” Engineering News Record, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, Apr. 28, 〈http://www.enr.construction.com/products/newproducts/archives/030428.asp〉, accessed (Apr. 2010).
Hodo, W., Kvasnak, A., and Brown, R. (2009). “Investigation of foamed asphalt (warm mix asphalt) with high reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content for sustainment and rehabilitation of asphalt pavement.” 88th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Hurley, G. C., and Prowell, B. D. (2005a). “Evaluation of Aspha-Min zeolite for use in warm mix asphalt.”, National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL.
Hurley, G. C., and Prowell, B. D. (2005b). “Evaluation of Sasobit for use in warm mix asphalt.”, National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL.
Hurley, G. C., and Prowell, B. D. (2006a). “Evaluation of Evotherm for use in warm mix asphalt.”, National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL.
Hurley, G. C., and Prowell, B. D. (2006b). “Evaluation of potential processes for use in warm mix asphalt.” J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol., 75, 41–90.
Hurley, G., and Prowell, B. (2008). “Field performance of warm mix asphalt.” 87th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, Lino Lakes, MN.
Hurley, G., Prowell, B., and Kvasnak, A. (2009). “Ohio field trial of warm mix asphalt technologies: Construction summary.”, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Washington, DC.
Jones, D. (2010). “Preliminary results from California warm-mix asphalt study.” 89th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Kandhal, P. S., and Chakraborty, S. (1996). “Effect of asphalt film thickness on short and long term aging of asphalt paving mixtures.”, National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL.
Kanitpong, K., Sonthong, S., Nam, K., Martono, W., and Bahia, H. (2007). “Laboratory study on warm mix asphalt additives.” 86th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Kristjansdottir, O., Muench, S. T., Michael, L., and Burke, G. (2007). “Assessing the potential for warm mix asphalt technology adoption.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Kvasnak, A., Taylor, A., Signore, J., and Bukhari, S. (2010). “Preliminary evaluation of warm mix asphalt field demonstration: Franklin, Tennessee.”, National Center for Asphalt Technolgoy, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL.
Liang, R. Y., and Lee, S. K. (1996). “Short-term and long-term aging behavior of rubber modified asphalt paving mixture.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
NIOSH. (1994). “Particulate not otherwise regulated, total: Method 0500.” Eller, P. M., and Cassinelli, M. E., eds., NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), 4th Ed., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, DHHS (NIOSH) Pubilcation No. 94–113
Ohio Dept. of Transportation (ODOT). (2010). Construction and material specifications, Ohio Department of Transportation, Columbus, OH.
Prowell, B. D., Hurley, G. C., and Crews, E. (2007). “Field performance of warm-mix asphalt at the NCAT test track.” 86th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Tao, M., and Mallick, R. (2009). “Evaluation of effects of warm-mix asphalt additives on properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement material.” 88th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Wasiuddin, N., Selvaratnam, S., Zaman, M., and Guegan, M. (2007). “A comparative laboratory study of Sasobit and Aspha-Min in warm mix asphalt.” 86th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Wielinski, J., Hand, A., and Rausch, D. (2009). “Laboratory and field evaluations of foamed warm-mix asphalt projects.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 24 • Issue 11 • November 2012
Pages: 1343 - 1349
Copyright
© 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 2, 2011
Accepted: Nov 23, 2011
Published online: Nov 25, 2011
Published in print: Nov 1, 2012
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.