Engineering Characteristics of Rubber-Added Lightweight Soil as a Flowable Backfill Material
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 23, Issue 9
Abstract
This study investigated the engineering characteristics of rubber-added lightweight soil (RLS), which consists of dredged soil, crumb rubber, and bottom ash. RLS is considered to be environmentally friendly because it provides a means to recycle dredged soil, rubber, and bottom ash. It can be characterized as a flowable backfill material with a light unit weight, resulting from the slurried mixture with rubber. In this study, several kinds of specimens were prepared with seven different water contents (140–200% at 10% intervals) and five different rubber contents (0–100% at 25% intervals by dredged soil weight) and subjected to flow testing to investigate the flowability of the slurried mixtures. Unconfined compression tests were also carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of RLS, including bulk unit weight, strength, and secant modulus. Test results revealed that the unconfined compressive strength and unit weight of RLS decreased as rubber content increased, but axial strain at peak increased. Additionally, the stress-strain relationship of RLS exhibited ductile rather than brittle behavior owing to the inclusion of the rubber.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NFR), funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (UNSPECIFIED2009-0086833).
References
American Concrete Institute. (1994). “Controlled low-strength materials (CLSM).” ACI 229R-94, Detroit.
Andrade, L. B., Rocha, J. C., and Cheriaf, M. (2007). “Evaluation of concrete incorporating bottom ash as a natural aggregates replacement.” Waste Manage., 27(9), 1190–1199.
Bernal, A., Salgado, R., and Lovell, C. (1996). “Laboratory study on the use of tire shreds and rubber—Sand in backfills and reinforced soil applications.” Final Report, Indiana DOT, Joint Highway Research Project Rep. No. FHWA/IN/JHRP-96, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN.
Churchill, E. V., and Amirkhanian, S. N. (1999). “Coal ash utilization in asphalt concrete mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 11(4), 295–301.
Edil, T., and Bosscher, P. (1994). “Engineering properties of tire chips and soil mixtures.” Geotech. Test. J., 17(4), 453–464.
Humphrey, D. N. (2004). “Effectiveness of design guidelines for use of tire derived aggregate as lightweight embankment fill.” Proc., Conf. Recycled Materials in Geotechnics (GSP 127), ASCE, Reston, VA, 61–74.
Humphrey, D. N. (2007). “Tire derived aggregate as lightweight fill for embankments and retaining walls.” Proc., Int. Workshop on Scrap Tire-Derived Geomaterials, H. Hazarika and K. Yasuhara, eds., Taylor and Francis, Oxford, UK, 59–81.
Kim, Y. T., Ahn, J., Han, W. J., and Gabr, M. A. (2010a). “Experimental study on mechanical characteristics of composite geomaterial using dredged soil and bottom ash.” J. Mat. Civ. Eng., 22(5), 539–544.
Kim, Y. T., Kim, H. J., and Lee, G. H. (2008). “Mechanical behavior of lightweight soil reinforced with waste fishing net.” Geotext. Geomembr., 26(6), 512–518.
Kim, Y. T., Lee, C., and Park, H. I. (2011). “Experimental study on engineering characteristics of composite geomaterial for recycling dredged soil and bottom ash.” Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol., 29(1), 1–15.
Kumar, S., and Stewart, J. (2003). “Evaluation of Illinois pulverized coal combustion dry bottom ash for use in geotechnical engineering applications.” J. Energy Eng., 129(2), 42–55.
Masad, E., Taha, R., Ho, C., and Papagiannakis, T. (1996). “Engineering properties of tire/soil mixtures as a lightweight fill material.” Geotech. Test. J., 19(3), 297–304.
Pierce, C. E., and Blackwell, M. C. (2003). “Potential of scrap tire rubber as lightweight aggregate in flowable fill.” Waste Manage., 23(3), 197–208.
Rubber Manufacturers Association. (2006). “Scrap tire markets in the United States.” 2005 Ed., Washington, DC.
Sell, N., McIntosh, T., Severance, C., and Peterson, A. (1989). “The agronomic landspreading of coal bottom ash: Using a regulated solid waste as a resource.” Resour., Conserv. Recycl., 2(2), 119–129.
Tanchaisawat, T., Bergado, D. T., Voottipruex, P., and Shehzad, K. (2010). “Interaction between geogrid reinforcement and tire chip–sand lightweight backfill.” Geotext. Geomembr., 28(1), 119–127.
Tang, Y. X., Tsuchida, T., Shirai, A., Ogata, H., and Shiozaki, K. (1996). “Triaxial compression characteristics of super geomaterial cured underwater.” Proc., 31st Conf. on Geotechnical Eng., 2493–2494.
Tsuchida, T. (1995). “Super geomaterial project in coastal zone.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Ocean Space Utilization (COSU’95), Yokohama, Japan, 22–31.
Tsuchida, T., and Egashira, K. (2004). The lightweight treated soil method: New geomaterials for soft ground engineering in coastal areas, A.A. Balkema, London.
Tsuchida, T., Fujisaki, H., Makibuchi, M., Shinsha, H., Nagasaka, Y., and Hikosaka, K. (2000). “Use of lightweight treated soils made of waste soil in airport extension project.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage., 644(VI-46), 3–23 (in Japanese).
Tweedie, J. J., Humphrey, D. N., and Sandford, T. C. (1998). “Full scale field trials of tire shreds as lightweight retaining wall backfill, at-rest conditions.” Transp. Res. Rec., No. 1619, 64–71.
Watabe, Y., Furuno, T., and Tsuchida, T. (2001). “Mechanical properties of dredged soil treated with low quantity of cement.” J. Geotech. Eng., 694(III-57), 331–342 (in Japanese).
Watabe, Y., Itou, Y., Kang, M. S., and Tsuchida, T. (2004). “One-dimensional compression of air-foam treated lightweight geomaterial in microscopic point of view.” Soils Found., 44(6), 53–67.
Wu, J. Y., and Tsai, M. (2009). “Feasibility study of a soil-based rubberized CLSM.” Waste Manage., 29(2), 636–642.
Yoon, Y. W., Heo, S. B., and Kim, K. S. (2008). “Geotechnical performance of waste tires for soil reinforcement from chamber tests.” Geotext. Geomembr., 26(1), 100–107.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 23 • Issue 9 • September 2011
Pages: 1289 - 1294
Copyright
© 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 24, 2010
Accepted: Mar 7, 2011
Published online: Mar 9, 2011
Published in print: Sep 1, 2011
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.