High-Temperature Properties of Steel for Fire Resistance Modeling of Structures
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 22, Issue 5
Abstract
Fire is one of the most severe conditions to which structures can be subjected, and hence, the provision of appropriate fire safety measures for structural members is an important aspect of design. The recent introduction of performance-based codes has increased the use of computer-based models for fire resistance assessment. For evaluating the fire resistance of steel structures, high-temperature properties of steel are to be specified as input data. This paper reviews high-temperature constitutive relationships for steel currently available in American and European standards, and highlights the variation between these relationships through comparison with published experimental results. The effect of various constitutive models on overall fire resistance predictions is illustrated through case studies. It is also shown that high-temperature creep, which is not often included in constitutive models, has a significant influence on the fire response of steel structures. Results from the case studies are used to draw recommendations on the use of appropriate constitutive models for fire resistance assessment.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This material is based upon research undertaken with the support of National Institute of Standards and Technology (through Building and Fire Research Laboratory Fire Grant No. NIST60NANB7D6120) and National Science Foundation (through Award No. NSFCMMI 0652292). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the writer(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.
References
Anderberg, Y. (1988). “Modeling steel behavior.” Fire Saf. J., 13, 17–26.
ANSYS. (2007). ANSYS Multiphysics, version 11.0 SP1, ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, Pa.
ASCE. (1992). “Structural fire protection.” ASCE committee on fire protection, Manual No. 78, ASCE, Reston, Va.
Bentz, D. P., and Prasad, K. R. (2007). “Thermal performance of fire resistive materials I. Characterization with respect to thermal performance models.” Rep. No. BFRL-NIST 7401, NIST, Gaithersburg, Md.
British Standard International. (1987). “Fire tests on building materials and structures—Part 20: Method fro determination of the fire resistance of elements of construction (general principles).” BS 476-20, London.
Buchanan, A. H. (2001). Structural design for fire safety, Wiley, New York.
Chen, J., and Young, B. (2008). “Design of high strength steel columns at elevated temperatures.” J. Construct. Steel Res., 64(6), 689–703.
Chen, J., Young, B., and Uy, B. (2006). “Behavior of high strength structural steel at elevated temperatures.” J. Struct. Eng., 132(12), 1948–1954.
Clark, C. L. (1953). High-temperature alloys, Pitman, New York.
Cooke, G. M. E. (1988). “An introduction to the mechanical properties of structural steel at elevated temperatures.” Fire Saf. J., 13(1), 45–54.
Dever, D. J. (1972). “Temperature dependence of the elastic constants in a-Iron single crystals: Relationships to spin order and diffusion anomalies.” J. Appl. Phys., 43(8), 3293–3301.
Dorn, J. E. (1955). “Some fundamental experiments on high temperature creep.” J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 3, 85–116.
Dwaikat, M. M. S., and Kodur, V. K. R. (2010). “Effect of location of restraint on fire response of steel beams.” J. Fire Tech., 46(1), 109–128.
European Committee for Standardization. (2005). “General rules—Structural fire design, EN1993-1-2.” Eurocode 3, Brussels.
Harmathy, T. (1967). “A comprehensive creep model.” J. Basic Eng., 89(D-3), 496–502.
Harmathy, T., and Stanzak, W. (1970). “Elevated-temperature tensile and creep properties of some structural and prestressing steels.” Special technical publication 464, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa.
Huang, Z. F., and Tan, K. H. (2003). “Analytical fire resistance of axially restrained steel columns.” J. Struct. Eng., 129(11), 1531–1537.
Huang, Z. -F., Tan, K. -H., and Ting, S. -K. (2006). “Heating rate and boundary restraint effects on fire resistance of steel columns with creep.” Eng. Struct., 28, 805–817.
ISO. (1975). “Fire resistance tests-elements elements of building construction.” ISO-834, Geneva.
Kirby, B. R., and Preston, R. R. (1988). “High temperature properties of hot-rolled, structural steels for use in fire engineering design studies.” Fire Saf. J., 13, 27–37.
Kodur, V. K. R., and Harmathy, T. Z. (2008). “Properties of building materials.” SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering, 4th Ed., P. J. DiNenno, ed., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Mass., 1-167–1-195.
Li, G. -Q., and Guo, S. X. (2008). “Experiment on restrained steel beams subjected to heating and cooling.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 64(3), 268–274.
Li, G. -Q., Jiang, S. -C., Yin, Y. -Z., Chen, K., and Li, M. -F. (2003). “Experimental studies on the properties of constructional steel at elevated temperatures.” J. Struct. Eng., 129(12), 1717–1721.
Mäkeläinen, P., Outinen, J., and Kesti, J. (1998). “Fire design model for structural steel S420M based upon transient-state tensile test results.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 48(1), 47–57.
Nippon Steel Corporation (NKK). (1988). “Fire-resistant steel for building structural use.” Cat. No. EXE 381, Nippon Steel Corporation, Tokyo.
Outinen, J. (2007). “Mechanical properties of structural steels at high temperatures and after cooling down.” Doctoral dissertation, Laboratory of Steel Structures Publications, Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Helsinki, Finland.
Outinen, J., Kesti, J., and Mäkeläinen, P. (1997). “Fire design model for structural steel S355 based upon transient state tensile test results.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 42(3), 161–169.
Outinen, J., and Mäkeläinen, P. (2004). “Mechanical properties of structural steel at elevated temperatures and after cooling down.” Fire Mater., 28, 237–251.
Poh, K. W. (2001). “Stress-strain-temperature relationship for structural steel.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 13(5), 371–379.
Powell, R. W., and Tye, R. P. (1960). “High alloy steels for use as a thermal conductivity standard.” Br. J. Appl. Phys., 11, 195–198.
Rempe, J. L., and Knudson, D. L. (2008). “High temperature thermal properties for metals used in LWR vessels.” J. Nucl. Mater., 372(2–3), 350–357.
Stirland, C. (1980). “Steel properties at elevated temperatures for use in fire engineering calculations.” Rep. No. ISO/TC92/WG15, No. 14, Teeside Laboratories, British Steel Corporation, Rotherham, U.K.
Thor, J. (1973). “Deformations and critical loads of steel beams under fire exposure conditions.” Rep. No. D16:1973, National Swedish Building Research Summaries, Stockholm, Sweden.
Touloukian, Y. (1972). “Thermal radiative properties for non metallic solids.” Thermal Physical Properties, 8, 142–151.
Twilt, L. (1991). “Stress-strain relationships of structural steel at elevated temperatures: Analysis of various options and European proposal–Part F: mechanical properties.” TNO Rep. No. BI-91-015, Delft, The Netherlands.
Wainman, D. E., and Kirby, B. R. (1988). “Compendium of U.K. standard fire test data on unprotected structural steel–1.” Rep. No. RS/RSC/S10328/1/87/B, British Steel Corporation, Rotherham, U.K.
Wainman, D. E., and Kirby, B. R. (1989). “Compendium of U.K. standard fire test data on unprotected structural steel–2.” British Steel Technical Rep. No. RS/R/S1199/8/88/B, Rotherham, U.K.
Yawata Iron and Steel Co. (1969). “WEL-TEN 80 material datasheet.” Tokyo, 22.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 22 • Issue 5 • May 2010
Pages: 423 - 434
Copyright
© 2010 ASCE.
History
Received: Dec 19, 2008
Accepted: Aug 27, 2009
Published online: Apr 15, 2010
Published in print: May 2010
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.