Compaction Characteristics and Bearing Ratio of Pond Ash Stabilized with Lime and Phosphogypsum
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 22, Issue 4
Abstract
Recycling of waste material is one of the effective solutions of its disposal problem. Fly ash produced by coal-based thermal power plants and phosphogypsum (PG) produced by fertilizer plants producing phosphoric acid as constituent of fertilizers, take huge disposal area and creates environmental problems. Stabilization/solidification of fly ash improves the engineering properties and reduces the environmental problem like leaching and dusting. This paper presents the laboratory test results of a Class F pond ash alone and stabilized with varying percentages of lime (4, 6, and 10%) and PG (0.5, and 1.0), to study the suitability of stabilized pond ash for road base and subbase construction. Standard and modified Proctor compaction tests have been conducted to reveal the compaction characteristics of the stabilized pond ash. Bearing ratio tests have been conducted on specimens, compacted at maximum dry density and optimum moisture content obtained from standard Proctor compaction tests, cured for 7, 28, and 45 days. Both unsoaked and soaked bearing ratio tests have been conducted. This paper highlights the influence of lime content, PG content, and curing period on the bearing ratio of stabilized pond ash. The empirical model has been developed to estimate the bearing ratio for the stabilized mixes through multiple regression analysis. Linear empirical relationship has been presented herein to estimate soaked bearing ratio from unsoaked bearing ratio of stabilized pond ash. The experimental results indicate that pond ash-lime-PG mixes have potential for applications as road base and subbase materials.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Bera, A. K., Ghosh, A., and Ghosh, A. (2007). “Compaction characteristics of pond ash.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 19(4), 349–357.
Chang, W. F., Chin, D. A., and Ho, R. (1989). “Phosphogypsum for secondary road construction.” Final Rep. Prepared for Florida Institute of Phosphate Research, Univ. of Miami, Bartow, Fla.
Chu, T. Y., Davidson, D. T., Goecker, W. L., and Moh, Z. C. (1955). “Soil stabilization with lime-flyash mixtures: Preliminary studies with silty and clayey soils.” Highway Research Board Bulletin, 108, 102–112.
Deshpande, P. S. (2003). “The determination of appropriate phosphogypsum: Class C fly ash: Portland type II cement compositions for use in marine applications.” MS dissertation, Louisiana State Univ. and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, La.
DiGioia, A. M., and Nuzzo, W. L. (1972). “Fly ash as structural fill.” J. Power Div., 98(1), 77–92.
Draper, N. R., and Smith, H. (1998). Applied regression analysis, Wiley, New York.
Edil, T. B., Acosta, H. A., and Benson, C. H. (2006). “Stabilizing soft fine-grained soils with fly ash.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 18(2), 283–294.
Ghosh, A. (1996). “Environmental and engineering characteristics of stabilized low lime fly ash.” Ph.D. dissertation, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.
Ghosh, A., Ghosh, A., and Bera, A. K. (2005). “Bearing capacity of square footing on pond ash reinforced with jute-geotextile.” J. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 23(2), 144–173.
Ghosh, A., and Subbarao, C. (1998). “Hydraulic conductivity and leachate characteristics of stabilized fly ash.” J. Environ. Eng., 124(9), 812–820.
Ghosh, A., and Subbarao, C. (2001). “Microstructural development in fly ash modified with lime and gypsum.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 13(1), 65–70.
Ghosh, A., and Subbarao, C. (2006). “Tensile strength bearing ratio and slake durability of Class F fly ash stabilized with lime and gypsum.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 18(1), 18–27.
Ghosh, A., and Subbarao, C. (2007). “Strength characteristics of class F fly ash modified with lime and gypsum.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 133(7), 757–766.
Ghosh, R. K., Chadda, L. R., Pant, C. S., and Sharma, R. K. (1973). “Stabilization of alluvial soil with lime and fly ash.” Indian Road Congress, 35(2), 489–511.
Goecker, W. L., Moh, Z. C., Davidson, D. T., and Chu, T. Y. (1956). “Stabilization of fine and coarse-grained soils with lime-flyash admixtures.” Highway Research Board Bulletin, 129, 63–82.
Gray, D. H., and Lin, Y. K. (1972). “Engineering properties of compacted fly ash.” Soil Mech. Found. Eng. (Engl. Transl.), 98(4), 361–380.
Gregory, C. A., Saylak, D., and Ledbetter, W. B. (1984). “The use of by-product phosphogypsum for road bases and subbases.” Transportation Research Record. 998, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 47–52.
Guo, T., Geaghan, J. P., and Rusch, K. A. (2003). “Determination of optimum ingredients for phosphogypsum composite stability under marine conditions-response surface analysis with process variables.” J. Environ. Eng., 129(4), 358–365.
IRC 37. (2001). Guidelines for the design of flexible pavements, Indian Road Congress, Sagar Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, India.
Joshi, R. C., Duncan, D. M., and McMaster, H. M. (1975). “New and conventional engineering uses of fly ash.” J. Transp. Eng., 101(4), 791–806.
Kim, S. S., and Chun, B. S. (1994). “The study on a practical use of wasted coal fly ash for coastal reclamation.” Proc., 13th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, New Delhi, India, 1607–1612.
Manjesh, L., Ramesh, N. H., Kumar Mohan, and Sivapullaiah, P. V. (2003). “CBR values of soil-fly ash mixture for road construction.” Proc., Indian Geotechnical Conf., Roorkee, India, 451–454.
Ministry of Surface Transport (Road Wing). (2000). Specifications for road and bridge works, Indian Road Congress, on behalf of the Government of India, New Delhi, India.
Ong, S., Metcalf, J. B., Seals, R. K., and Taha, R. (1993). “Unconfined compressive strength of various cement-stabilized phosphogypsum mixes.” Transportation Research Record. 1424, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 20–24.
Pandian, N. S. (2004). “Fly ash characterization with reference to geotechnical applications.” J. Indian Inst. Sci., 184, 189–216.
Parreira, A. B., Kobayashi, A. R. K., and Silvestre, O. B., Jr. (2003). “Influence of Portland cement type on unconfined compressive strength and linear expansion of cement-stabilized phosphogypsum.” J. Environ. Eng., 129(10), 956–960.
Parsa, J., Munson-McGee, S. H., and Steiner, R. (1996). “Stabilization/solidification of hazardous wastes using fly ash.” J. Environ. Eng., 122(10), 935–940.
Raymond, S. (1958). “The utilization of pulverised fuel ash.” Civil Engineering and Public Works Review, London, 53, 1013–1016.
Rusch, K. A., Guo, T., and Seals, R. K. (2002). “Stabilization of phosphogypsum using class C fly ash and lime: Assessment of the potential for marine applications.” J. Hazard. Mater., 93(2), 167–186.
Satyanarayana Reddy, C. N. V., and Rama Moorthy, N. V. (2004). “Geotechnical investigations into flexible pavement design over a clay subgrade.” Proc., Indian Geotechnical Conf., Warangal, India, 514–517.
Vasquez, E., and Alonso, E. E. (1981). “Fly ash stabilization of decomposed granite.” Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, 391–395.
Viskochil, R. K., Handy, R. L., and Davidson, D. T. (1957). “Effect of density on strength of lime-flyash stabilized soil.” Highway Research Board Bulletin, 183, 5–15.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 22 • Issue 4 • April 2010
Pages: 343 - 351
Copyright
© 2010 ASCE.
History
Received: Sep 8, 2008
Accepted: Jun 6, 2009
Published online: Jun 10, 2009
Published in print: Apr 2010
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.